Three thousand years ago, in the space of a single lifetime, every great power in the eastern Mediterranean collapsed at once. Almost every great city on earth was burned to the ground within a few decades, writing itself was forgotten, and no one has ever fully worked out why...
We call it the Late Bronze Age Collapse, and to understand how strange it is, you have to see how advanced the world was before it. Around 1200 BC the eastern Mediterranean was a connected web of superpowers: the Mycenaean Greeks, the world of Homer's heroes. The Hittite Empire in Anatolia. The wealthy port kingdom of Ugarit. Egypt at the height of the New Kingdom.
They traded metals and gold across thousands of miles, sent letters back and forth, married into one another's royal families, and ran vast economies that had held together for centuries.
And then, within roughly two generations, nearly all of it was gone...
The cities burned: Mycenae, Pylos, the Hittite capital of Hattusa, Ugarit, and dozens of others were destroyed by fire, many never rebuilt. The Hittite Empire vanished so completely that its capital was lost for three thousand years. In Greece the palaces fell, the population dropped, and the Greeks forgot how to write, plunging into a dark age so total that literacy did not return for roughly four hundred years.
No one has ever agreed on what caused it, only a list of overlapping catastrophes that struck at once: waves of mysterious searaiders the Egyptians called the Sea Peoples, decades of drought and famine, earthquakes, and the breakdown of the trade routes that every kingdom depended on.
What should make us reflect is that these were the most advanced civilizations of their age, and they never saw it coming. Once it began, they could not stop it. As the historian Robert Drews once wrote: "Within a period of forty to fifty years at the end of the thirteenth and the beginning of the twelfth century almost every significant city in the eastern Mediterranean world was destroyed, many of them never to be occupied again."
The people who lived through it did not know they were living at the end of an age. No one ever does...
Rome handed out free grain to 40,000 citizens in 73 BC. By 46 BC, Julius Caesar found 320,000 people lining up for their monthly ration. That eight-fold expansion happened in under three decades, and it shows you how welfare states actually grow.
No Roman senator stood up and announced a plan to addict a third of the city to government bread. It happened incrementally, through political competition. Each magistrate who wanted votes expanded eligibility. Each expansion normalized the next one. The citizen who once considered the dole shameful eventually expected it, then demanded it, then organized politically to protect it.
This is the core mechanism free market thinkers have identified across every era: once you create a transfer program, you create a constituency for that program. Recipients vote. Administrators build careers. Grain merchants who supply the state develop a stake in keeping the contracts flowing. The political economy locks in.
Caesar, to his credit, actually cut the rolls back to 150,000 through verification audits. It was one of his more economically coherent moves, though the Senate still murdered him. His successors quietly let the numbers climb again.
What did the dole require? Massive grain imports from Sicily, Sardinia, and Egypt, organized through state logistics at state expense, funded by taxation and conquest. When the conquest revenue dried up, the obligation remained. Rome had written a check against future military success, and future military success eventually failed to arrive.
The lesson is not complicated. Distribute a benefit and you distribute dependency. Distribute dependency and you distribute political power to whoever controls the distribution. The grain dole didn't weaken Rome overnight, but it made every subsequent reform politically impossible.
64,000 years ago in what is now Spain’s La Pasiega Cave ... Neanderthal drew this image. 🇪🇸
In La Pasiega Cave in northern Spain, researchers discovered red ochre markings that were dated to around 64,000 years ago, long before modern humans reached Europe. That means the artist was almost certainly a Neanderthal.
The ladder-like symbol with additional markings was created using mineral pigments blown or painted onto the cave wall. In 2018, uranium-thorium dating of the calcite crust covering the pigment confirmed the artwork’s immense age, pushing symbolic expression in Europe back tens of thousands of years earlier than previously believed.
For decades, Neanderthals were portrayed as lacking creativity or symbolic thought. Discoveries like La Pasiega challenge that view, suggesting they were capable of abstract representation and possibly ritual behavior.
This wasn’t random graffiti, it required planning, pigment preparation, and intentional placement deep inside a cave.
Other Neanderthal cave art sites in Spain, including Maltravieso and Ardales, also contain similarly dated red pigment markings, strengthening the evidence that symbolic art was not exclusive to Homo sapiens.
#archaeohistories
Baca berita ini bikin ngenes.
Intinya, Himbara menggelontorkan kredit sindikasi Rp220 triliun kepada Agrinas Pangan untuk membangun 80.000 KDMP. Bunganya 6%, tenor 6 tahun.
Di atas kertas, Agrinas adalah debitor. Tapi tagihannya? Pemerintah yang akan menanggung, melalui DAU/DBH atau dana desa.
Masalahnya muncul sekarang. Per 25 September 2026, kewajiban pokok + bunga yang jatuh tempo mencapai Rp37,7 triliun.
Dana yang disiapkan pemerintah baru Rp8,1 triliun. Artinya ada potensi lubang Rp29,6 triliun. Lalu siapa yang menanggung kekurangannya?
Kalau pemerintah tak membayar, risikonya bisa merambat ke neraca bank-bank Himbara, selain pasti ke DAU/DBH atau dana desa.
Ruwet banget ini KDMP, belum jalan sepenuhnya sudah jadi beban. Jadi bingung jg, apa ini benar-benar kredit korporasi, atau utang pemerintah yang ditaruh dulu di neraca BUMN?
🧩 DeepSeek Harness v0.1 is now available in Developer Preview!
🔹 We’re opening it up to developers building agent harnesses worldwide and open-sourcing the codebase in MIT license.
🔹 Powered by the Cordis meta-framework, DeepSeek Harness is an agent harness built around one core idea: Everything is a plugin. Models, tools, skills, sessions, sandboxes, filesystems, loops, orchestration, and UI are ALL implemented as plugins, and can be mixed, matched, replaced, and extended.
Try it now!
https://t.co/2YWSvJHhKA
GPT-Live can listen while it speaks.
To make that feel natural at ChatGPT scale, we rebuilt the voice stack from client to model.
This new architecture keeps audio flowing continuously, so deeper reasoning and tool use don't interrupt the conversation.
my dad using gpt 5.6 sol for the 1st time:
- wanted to build a webpage about indigenous south african fynbos (extreme plant dad)
- read all of the thinking states as it streamed
- final thoughts on the HTML file: “its gorgeous, its absolutely gorgeous”
Today, we are introducing Inkling.
Inkling reasons efficiently across text, image, and audio modalities. We are making the full weights available.
https://t.co/Ghebq5mG30
Available today for fine-tuning on Tinker. Play with it in the Inkling Playground. 🧵
Sorting which financial docs are worth an analyst's time is surprisingly hard for frontier LLMs. With an expert-labeled dataset and on-policy distillation, Bridgewater fine-tuned a model to do it reliably and cheaply.
https://t.co/gyYzXq15zd
The human brain is strikingly modular, with distinct networks for language, formal reasoning, social reasoning, and physical reasoning. Is this a fundamental principle of how intelligent systems are built, or an accident of biological evolution?
In our latest preprint, we find that a similar modular organization emerges in Large Language Models, another class of intelligent system.
Brains and LLMs are shaped by entirely different kinds of optimization (biological evolution vs. gradient descent). That they arrive at the same modular design anyway suggests modularity may be a fundamental property of intelligent systems.
🌐 Web: https://t.co/ZKrnTSSuSf
📄 Paper: https://t.co/ZibBXz3PUy
💻 Code & data: https://t.co/uBo5iOYNjy
Using circuit analyses across 46 tasks spanning four cognitive domains, we find:
1️⃣ Tasks that draw on the same network in humans recruit overlapping units in LLMs, while tasks drawing on different networks recruit distinct units.
2️⃣ These units are causally linked to model behavior. Ablating the units critical for one domain impairs performance in that domain (−26% accuracy) but barely touches the others (−2.5%).
This project has been in the works for a while :) Huge thanks to my advisors @jacobandreas@ev_fedorenko@devarda_a, and to @Nancy_Kanwisher for valuable conceptual input and feedback throughout. #MIT
Together with researchers at Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard, we published a study in NEJM AI showing how o3 Deep Research helped clinicians revisit previously unsolved rare pediatric disease cases, and find answers for families who had waited years.
A super long overdue (3+ years?) post on scaling laws.
Compute is expensive. Scaling laws are a way to help us reason about the optimal compute allocation between data and model size before committing to a large run.
The post covers what scaling laws predict, how compute-optimal allocation works, why Kaplan et al. and Chinchilla disagree, and how data limits + fitting details make extrapolation tricky.
https://t.co/HP26eJvjHB
A French engineer who lives quietly in Paris has spent 30 years writing software that the entire internet now runs on without knowing his name.
He wrote the code that streams every YouTube video, every Netflix show, every TikTok clip. He wrote the code that runs the virtual servers underneath AWS, Google Cloud, and Microsoft Azure. He calculated more digits of pi than anyone in history. He has no Twitter. He has no marketing. He just keeps shipping.
His name is Fabrice Bellard.
Here is the story, because almost nobody outside the systems programming world knows what one man has built.
Fabrice was born in 1972 in Grenoble, France. He studied at École Polytechnique, the top French engineering school. He never went to Silicon Valley. He never built a startup empire. He just wrote code.
In 2000 he started a project called FFmpeg, an open-source multimedia framework for encoding, decoding, and streaming video. He was 28. The project did one thing nobody else had done well. It handled every video and audio format that existed, in one library, on every operating system. He led it himself for years.
Today FFmpeg is the invisible engine of the internet. YouTube uses it. Netflix uses it. VLC uses it. Chrome and Firefox use parts of it. Every Android phone, every iPhone, every smart TV, every video editing tool you have ever touched runs FFmpeg somewhere underneath. If you have watched a video on a screen in the last 20 years, Fabrice's code processed it.
He was not done.
In 2003 he started QEMU, a machine emulator and virtualizer. He wrote it solo until version 0.7.1 in 2005. QEMU lets you run any operating system on any other operating system. It became the foundation of modern virtualization. KVM, the Linux kernel hypervisor, runs on top of QEMU. Every major cloud provider, AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, IBM Cloud, runs virtual machines on infrastructure built around it. The Quick Emulator is the most cited piece of cloud infrastructure code on Earth.
He kept going.
In 2001 he won the International Obfuscated C Code Contest with a small C compiler that grew into TCC, the Tiny C Compiler. TCC can compile and boot a Linux kernel from source in under 15 seconds. In 2004 he calculated the most digits of pi ever computed at the time, using a personal desktop computer and an algorithm he derived himself called Bellard's formula. In 2011 he wrote a complete PC emulator in pure JavaScript that runs Linux in your browser, a project called JSLinux that engineers still cannot believe is real.
In 2019 he released QuickJS, a small but complete JavaScript engine that fits where V8 cannot. In 2021 he released NNCP, a neural network based lossless data compressor that immediately took the lead on the Large Text Compression Benchmark.
Then he turned his attention to large language models. He built TextSynth Server, a web server with a REST API for running LLMs locally. He released ts_zip and ts_sms, compression utilities that use language models to compress text and short messages at ratios traditional algorithms cannot reach. He released TSAC, a very low bitrate audio compression system. In December 2025 he released Micro QuickJS, a new JavaScript engine for microcontrollers, separate from QuickJS, designed for environments with almost no memory.
Fabrice co-founded a telecom company called Amarisoft in 2012, where he serves as CTO. Amarisoft builds 4G and 5G base station software used by carriers and labs around the world. He has been running it for over a decade while continuing to ship personal projects from his own home page at bellard dot org
He has no Twitter. He has no Instagram. He gives almost no interviews. His personal website is a flat list of projects with no styling, no fonts, no marketing copy. Just titles and links.
A quiet French engineer who never moved to Silicon Valley wrote the code that quietly runs the internet.
He is still shipping.