That water clarity is an engineering decision, and the math behind it is wilder than the video.
Roman aqueducts ran on gravity alone. No pumps, no pressure systems. Engineers carved channels with a gradient so shallow it borders on absurd. The Pont du Gard in southern France drops 2.5 centimeters over 275 meters. That's roughly the thickness of a coin over the length of three football fields. They surveyed that accuracy with plumb lines and wooden leveling instruments.
The clarity you're seeing is a direct product of flow velocity. Too steep and the water erodes the channel walls, picks up sediment, turns brown. Too flat and it stagnates. Roman engineers targeted a slope of about 20 centimeters per kilometer, which kept the water moving fast enough to stay fresh but slow enough to stay clear. Before the water reached the city, it passed through multi-chamber settling tanks where velocity dropped near zero. Suspended particles sank. Clean water flowed out the top into the next chamber. Repeat three or four times.
Pliny specified the minimum slope in writing. Vitruvius published the exact mortar ratio for hydraulic cement: one part lime to two parts volcanic ash for underwater work. The pozzolana from Pozzuoli reacted with water to form a calcium-aluminum-silicate compound that actually gets stronger the longer it sits submerged. Modern concrete degrades in water. Roman concrete bonds with it.
Scale the whole system and it gets harder to process. Eleven aqueducts fed Rome at its peak. Combined output: roughly 1 million cubic meters of water per day. That works out to about 250 gallons per person for a city of one million. Modern New York delivers about 125 gallons per person per day. Ancient Rome had access to double the per capita water supply of the largest city in the United States, running entirely on slope and stone.
The Trevi Fountain in Rome is still fed by one of them. Two thousand years, same source, same gravity, same water.
NHL Western Conference Standings:
1. Avalanche (121 points)
2. Stars (112 pts)
3. Wild (104 pts)
In the 1st Round… the 2-seed was eliminated by the 3-seed.
In the 2nd Round… the 3-seed was eliminated by the 1-seed.
4-7 seeds battled it out on the other side.
Just ridiculous.
After a legendary career on the field, Joe Senser joined the KFAN Vikings Radio Network in 2001 and spent years entertaining and informing Vikings fans. He brought energy, knowledge and heart to every broadcast.
We’re honored to have had him as part of our team and thankful for the impact he made on so many people throughout his life and career.
Rest easy, Joe.
Never understood H.S. coaches who ignore freshman or JV programs.
That’s the future of your varsity team.
Then they complain about no depth, culture, or players ready for varsity.
If you only coach varsity, you’re not building a program—you’re just coaching a team.
Come again? This FBI and DOJ with our DHS partners drafted and executed every search warrant today. But go ahead and take credit for our work while we smoke out the fraud plaguing Minnesota under your governorship.
Here are the cities that have restored the original Minnesota State Flag.
Babbitt
Champlin
Columbus
Crosslake
Crow Wing County
Detroit Lakes
Elk River
Ham Lake
North Branch
Nowthen
Pine Island
Plainview
St. Francis
Wadena
Zumbrota
Tell your local city council to do the same.
All it takes is 1 Democrat to cross over and vote with Republicans to impeach Tim Walz.
The only problem…
The last time a Democrat crossed over to vote with Republicans against Tim Walz this happened.👇
No KINGS!!!
Their reign in power controlling America…
Chuck Grassley: 51+ years
Chuck Schumer: 45+ years
Mitch McConnell: 41+ years
Nancy Pelosi: 39+ years
Maxine Waters: 35+ years
Bernie Sanders: 35+ years
Etc
Trump: 5 years and 3 months
But Donald Trump is a King?
Scam.
BHS Hockey Class A State Record Breaker
Today, Class A Fans set a new BHS Hockey State Tournament record for attendance, totaling 14,442 fans for Friday afternoon's Class A session, which is a new record, surpassing the previous record of 13,575 set last year! ❤️❤️❤️❤️