Crazy how just one week changes temperature lows from the mid 80s to the low 60s. That temperature difference makes all the difference in the world in terms of lifestyle choices
The grimmest thing I've seen in 4½ grim years of war. "Russians" at the front, not a single ethnic Russian among them. Members of tiny Siberian ethnicities & a few Muslim Central Asians off to the meet grinder for "Mother Russia". 2 of the world's 1,800 Yukagir are in this video.
@00JimmyT Iraq was the more interesting wot imo, it was a bunch of sadistic early internet forum millennials in the middle of a sectarian war in the desert after toppling a villainous scary movie like dictator. Afghanistan had no notable urban combat.
According to Herodotus, once a year in Babylon, each village auctioned off its marriageable women, most beautiful first. The money then went to the men willing to marry the least beautiful. He considered it Babylon's wisest custom.
Certainly one way to clear a marriage market...
September 26, 1580. Francis Drake sailed into Plymouth with fifty nine men and enough stolen Spanish silver to clear England's entire foreign debt.
Two days ago I posted San Juan de Ulúa, where a 28 year old Drake abandoned John Hawkins in a Mexican harbour and sailed home. This is what he did over the next twelve years.
He left Plymouth in December 1577 with five ships and about 164 men. The crews were told they were sailing to the Levant. They were not.
The real purpose was to get into the Pacific, where no English ship had ever been, and rob the Spanish empire from the side it had never had to defend. Elizabeth put in a thousand crowns and made sure nothing on paper could be traced back to her.
It went badly early. Off South America, Drake accused Thomas Doughty, a gentleman adventurer and by some accounts a friend, of plotting mutiny and of witchcraft. He convened a court out of his own crew at Port San Julian, in the same bay where Magellan had executed mutineers nearly sixty years before, and had Doughty beheaded.
The two of them took communion together and dined together on the morning it happened.
That execution settled a question English voyages had been arguing about for decades, which was whether gentlemen adventurers took orders from a common seaman who happened to be the captain. After Port San Julian, everyone aboard understood the answer.
He renamed his flagship there too. The Pelican became the Golden Hind, after the crest of Christopher Hatton, who had been Doughty's patron and whose goodwill Drake now needed very badly.
Through the Strait of Magellan and into a storm that sank the Marigold and blew the Elizabeth back into the Atlantic, where she turned for home.
One ship went on alone.
And ahead of him was the entire Pacific coast of Spanish America, completely undefended, because there had never been anything to defend it against. Ports with no walls. Treasure ships carrying no guns.
The great prize was the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, known to her own crew as the Cacafuego, taken on 1 March 1579 after a chase of several days. Twenty six tons of silver, thirteen chests of coin and eighty pounds of gold. It took six days just to move it across.
He went north looking for a passage home, reached the coast of what is now California, careened the ship and claimed the country as Nova Albion.
Then across the Pacific and through the Indonesian archipelago, where he drove the Golden Hind hard onto a reef and spent twenty hours certain she was lost, throwing guns and three tons of cloves overboard before she came off.
Then round the Cape of Good Hope and home.
He came into Plymouth on 26 September 1580, and his first question, shouted across to fishermen in the harbour, was reportedly whether the Queen was still alive. Because if she was dead he was a pirate with no protector.
The cargo was worth something in the region of half a million pounds, at a time when the ordinary annual revenue of the English crown was around three hundred thousand. Investors got a return usually estimated in the thousands of percent. Elizabeth's share alone cleared England's foreign debt.
The Spanish ambassador demanded the treasure back and demanded Drake's head.
Elizabeth's answer was to go down to Deptford in April 1581, board the Golden Hind and knight him on his own deck.
And then she added a piece of pure theatre that was also pure politics. She handed the sword to the French ambassador and had him perform the actual knighting, so that France was formally implicated in the honour and could not comfortably side with Spain in objecting to it.
Eight years later Drake was second in command against the Armada.
The Golden Hind was kept at Deptford as a monument until visitors had picked enough souvenirs off her that she rotted away.
Magellan's expedition went round the world first, but Magellan died halfway. Drake is the first commander to take his own ship the whole way and come home standing on its deck.
Imagine being a father spending tens of thousands of dollars for your daughter's education just for her to get a useless humanities degree and get fucked by random dudes that won't commit to her.