![ChrisMartzWX's tweet photo. It seems people like Fran still don't understand what the “Dust Bowl” actually was.
The term “Dust Bowl” does not refer to the decade-long drought that spanned North America. It also does not refer to the record-shattering heatwaves in the U.S. and Canada that were recorded in 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, and 1939.
Instead, the term “Dust Bowl” refers to the [relatively] small geographical area affected by the most severe dust storms in the 1930s. Specifically, the areas were the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles, southwestern Kansas, and southeastern Colorado (Lee & Gill, 2015, see the first image).
🔗https://t.co/m5OgECN40Q
While farming practices (specifically, the plowing of deep-rooted perennial prairie grasses and replacing them with shallow-rooted annual crops like wheat) likely contributed significantly to the incidence of dust storms, the drought itself and associated heatwaves across the North American continent were primarily natural and forced by anomalous tropical Pacific and North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (i.e., La Niña and +AMO). Only ~30% of Great Plains land area had been plowed for farming by 1930 (e.g., Cunfer, 2005); farmers generally adapted to the Plains landscape rather than changed it.
🔗https://t.co/A8a1VdQjiq
Tree ring-based proxy reconstructions also indicate that 1930s-like droughts have occurred in the Great Plains once or twice per century, on average, for at least the past 10,000 years (Herweijer et al., 2007; Miao et al., 2007). The second image shows some of these past droughts I personally identified looking through the North American Drought Atlas.
🔗https://t.co/dh1HYJXQVt
🔗https://t.co/cOQ1aZhTlA
Many of these past Great Plains droughts, including two in the 19th century alone (circa 1818–25 and the 1854–65 “Civil War Drought”), exceed the 1930s in terms of both spatial extent and magnitude, and were comparable in duration (e.g., Muhs & Holliday, 1995; Burnette & Stahle, 2012). Early settlers described the region as a de-facto desert with blowing sand.
🔗https://t.co/gdHDSGUYVB
🔗https://t.co/khyWYAEUX5
In 1855, U.S. Army Lieutenant Gouverneur Kembel Warren (known as G. K. Warren), who would later become a general during the American Civil War and crowned the “Hero of Little Round Top,” described the Nebraska Sand Hills as,
🗨️ “𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘚𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘏𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘴 (𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘉𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘚𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦) 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘮𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘫𝘶𝘴𝘵 𝘯𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘩 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘊𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘮𝘶𝘴 𝘳𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳, 𝘴𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘥 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘪𝘯 𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘥𝘪𝘳𝘦𝘤 𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘦𝘹𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘮𝘦 𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘻𝘰𝘯. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘴 𝘯𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘭𝘺 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘵𝘦, 𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵𝘪𝘴𝘩 𝘺𝘦𝘭 𝘭𝘰𝘸, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘣𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦-𝘧𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘵𝘩𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘤𝘰𝘢𝘳𝘴𝘦 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘴𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘴... 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘤𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘪𝘴 𝘦𝘹𝘤𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘺 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘳𝘺, 𝘴𝘪𝘭𝘦𝘯𝘵, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘦, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘰 𝘰𝘯𝘦’𝘴 𝘴𝘱𝘪𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘴.”
More accounts suggest that there were similar heat extremes to the 1930s in the Great Plains during the 1820s. James (1823) recounts Stephen Long's journey through southwestern Nebraska’s Imperial and Lincoln counties in June 1820 and he noted “extensive districts covered entirely with loose and fine sand” south of the South Platte River. Long also noted that,
🗨️ “𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘧𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘦𝘢𝘵 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘯𝘢𝘬𝘦𝘥 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘥... 𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘮𝘶𝘤𝘩 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘨𝘶𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘴𝘶𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘧 𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘫𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘺.”
🔗https://t.co/AtfgRJdACy
Army Fort data (you can access it from NOAA NCEI) also show that summers during the late 1850s and 1860s may have been similar to those in the 1930s. I attached daily weather observations from Manhattan, Kansas from July 1860 in the third image below. The high temperature of 115°F on July 9, 1860, is only eclipsed by 116°F measured on August 13, 1936.
Drought conditions in the 1930s were undoubtedly amplified by positive land surface feedbacks, but those feedbacks were primarily a response to natural devegetation of the landscape from persistent rainfall deficits in the late 1920s and 1930s, not mechanized agriculture. The occurrence of similar, if not worse droughts in the Great Plains in past centuries which predate mechanized agriculture only further supports the idea that the 1930s drought was natural.](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/HTzd4bBWIAAF4fU.jpg)
![ChrisMartzWX's tweet photo. It seems people like Fran still don't understand what the “Dust Bowl” actually was.
The term “Dust Bowl” does not refer to the decade-long drought that spanned North America. It also does not refer to the record-shattering heatwaves in the U.S. and Canada that were recorded in 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, and 1939.
Instead, the term “Dust Bowl” refers to the [relatively] small geographical area affected by the most severe dust storms in the 1930s. Specifically, the areas were the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles, southwestern Kansas, and southeastern Colorado (Lee & Gill, 2015, see the first image).
🔗https://t.co/m5OgECN40Q
While farming practices (specifically, the plowing of deep-rooted perennial prairie grasses and replacing them with shallow-rooted annual crops like wheat) likely contributed significantly to the incidence of dust storms, the drought itself and associated heatwaves across the North American continent were primarily natural and forced by anomalous tropical Pacific and North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (i.e., La Niña and +AMO). Only ~30% of Great Plains land area had been plowed for farming by 1930 (e.g., Cunfer, 2005); farmers generally adapted to the Plains landscape rather than changed it.
🔗https://t.co/A8a1VdQjiq
Tree ring-based proxy reconstructions also indicate that 1930s-like droughts have occurred in the Great Plains once or twice per century, on average, for at least the past 10,000 years (Herweijer et al., 2007; Miao et al., 2007). The second image shows some of these past droughts I personally identified looking through the North American Drought Atlas.
🔗https://t.co/dh1HYJXQVt
🔗https://t.co/cOQ1aZhTlA
Many of these past Great Plains droughts, including two in the 19th century alone (circa 1818–25 and the 1854–65 “Civil War Drought”), exceed the 1930s in terms of both spatial extent and magnitude, and were comparable in duration (e.g., Muhs & Holliday, 1995; Burnette & Stahle, 2012). Early settlers described the region as a de-facto desert with blowing sand.
🔗https://t.co/gdHDSGUYVB
🔗https://t.co/khyWYAEUX5
In 1855, U.S. Army Lieutenant Gouverneur Kembel Warren (known as G. K. Warren), who would later become a general during the American Civil War and crowned the “Hero of Little Round Top,” described the Nebraska Sand Hills as,
🗨️ “𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘚𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘏𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘴 (𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘉𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘚𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦) 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘮𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘫𝘶𝘴𝘵 𝘯𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘩 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘊𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘮𝘶𝘴 𝘳𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳, 𝘴𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘥 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘪𝘯 𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘥𝘪𝘳𝘦𝘤 𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘦𝘹𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘮𝘦 𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘻𝘰𝘯. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘴 𝘯𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘭𝘺 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘵𝘦, 𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵𝘪𝘴𝘩 𝘺𝘦𝘭 𝘭𝘰𝘸, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘣𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦-𝘧𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘵𝘩𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘤𝘰𝘢𝘳𝘴𝘦 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘴𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘴... 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘤𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘪𝘴 𝘦𝘹𝘤𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘺 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘳𝘺, 𝘴𝘪𝘭𝘦𝘯𝘵, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘦, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘰 𝘰𝘯𝘦’𝘴 𝘴𝘱𝘪𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘴.”
More accounts suggest that there were similar heat extremes to the 1930s in the Great Plains during the 1820s. James (1823) recounts Stephen Long's journey through southwestern Nebraska’s Imperial and Lincoln counties in June 1820 and he noted “extensive districts covered entirely with loose and fine sand” south of the South Platte River. Long also noted that,
🗨️ “𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘧𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘦𝘢𝘵 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘯𝘢𝘬𝘦𝘥 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘥... 𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘮𝘶𝘤𝘩 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘨𝘶𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘴𝘶𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘧 𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘫𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘺.”
🔗https://t.co/AtfgRJdACy
Army Fort data (you can access it from NOAA NCEI) also show that summers during the late 1850s and 1860s may have been similar to those in the 1930s. I attached daily weather observations from Manhattan, Kansas from July 1860 in the third image below. The high temperature of 115°F on July 9, 1860, is only eclipsed by 116°F measured on August 13, 1936.
Drought conditions in the 1930s were undoubtedly amplified by positive land surface feedbacks, but those feedbacks were primarily a response to natural devegetation of the landscape from persistent rainfall deficits in the late 1920s and 1930s, not mechanized agriculture. The occurrence of similar, if not worse droughts in the Great Plains in past centuries which predate mechanized agriculture only further supports the idea that the 1930s drought was natural.](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/HTzd3iJWgAAZnL1.png)
Olivia
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LaRae
@LaRae1966
Oklahoma, USA
Joined December 2021
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The thing that never happens and could never happen and that only evil people predicted would happen has happened again.
It seems people like Fran still don't understand what the “Dust Bowl” actually was.
The term “Dust Bowl” does not refer to the decade-long drought that spanned North America. It also does not refer to the record-shattering heatwaves in the U.S. and Canada that were recorded in 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, and 1939.
Instead, the term “Dust Bowl” refers to the [relatively] small geographical area affected by the most severe dust storms in the 1930s. Specifically, the areas were the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles, southwestern Kansas, and southeastern Colorado (Lee & Gill, 2015, see the first image).
🔗https://t.co/m5OgECN40Q
While farming practices (specifically, the plowing of deep-rooted perennial prairie grasses and replacing them with shallow-rooted annual crops like wheat) likely contributed significantly to the incidence of dust storms, the drought itself and associated heatwaves across the North American continent were primarily natural and forced by anomalous tropical Pacific and North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (i.e., La Niña and +AMO). Only ~30% of Great Plains land area had been plowed for farming by 1930 (e.g., Cunfer, 2005); farmers generally adapted to the Plains landscape rather than changed it.
🔗https://t.co/A8a1VdQjiq
Tree ring-based proxy reconstructions also indicate that 1930s-like droughts have occurred in the Great Plains once or twice per century, on average, for at least the past 10,000 years (Herweijer et al., 2007; Miao et al., 2007). The second image shows some of these past droughts I personally identified looking through the North American Drought Atlas.
🔗https://t.co/dh1HYJXQVt
🔗https://t.co/cOQ1aZhTlA
Many of these past Great Plains droughts, including two in the 19th century alone (circa 1818–25 and the 1854–65 “Civil War Drought”), exceed the 1930s in terms of both spatial extent and magnitude, and were comparable in duration (e.g., Muhs & Holliday, 1995; Burnette & Stahle, 2012). Early settlers described the region as a de-facto desert with blowing sand.
🔗https://t.co/gdHDSGUYVB
🔗https://t.co/khyWYAEUX5
In 1855, U.S. Army Lieutenant Gouverneur Kembel Warren (known as G. K. Warren), who would later become a general during the American Civil War and crowned the “Hero of Little Round Top,” described the Nebraska Sand Hills as,
🗨️ “𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘚𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘏𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘴 (𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘉𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘚𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦) 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘮𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘫𝘶𝘴𝘵 𝘯𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘩 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘊𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘮𝘶𝘴 𝘳𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳, 𝘴𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘥 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘪𝘯 𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘥𝘪𝘳𝘦𝘤 𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘦𝘹𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘮𝘦 𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘻𝘰𝘯. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘴 𝘯𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘭𝘺 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘵𝘦, 𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵𝘪𝘴𝘩 𝘺𝘦𝘭 𝘭𝘰𝘸, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘣𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦-𝘧𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘵𝘩𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘤𝘰𝘢𝘳𝘴𝘦 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘴𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘴... 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘤𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘪𝘴 𝘦𝘹𝘤𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘺 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘳𝘺, 𝘴𝘪𝘭𝘦𝘯𝘵, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘦, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘰 𝘰𝘯𝘦’𝘴 𝘴𝘱𝘪𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘴.”
More accounts suggest that there were similar heat extremes to the 1930s in the Great Plains during the 1820s. James (1823) recounts Stephen Long's journey through southwestern Nebraska’s Imperial and Lincoln counties in June 1820 and he noted “extensive districts covered entirely with loose and fine sand” south of the South Platte River. Long also noted that,
🗨️ “𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘧𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘦𝘢𝘵 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘯𝘢𝘬𝘦𝘥 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘥... 𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘮𝘶𝘤𝘩 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘨𝘶𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘴𝘶𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘧 𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘫𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘺.”
🔗https://t.co/AtfgRJdACy
Army Fort data (you can access it from NOAA NCEI) also show that summers during the late 1850s and 1860s may have been similar to those in the 1930s. I attached daily weather observations from Manhattan, Kansas from July 1860 in the third image below. The high temperature of 115°F on July 9, 1860, is only eclipsed by 116°F measured on August 13, 1936.
Drought conditions in the 1930s were undoubtedly amplified by positive land surface feedbacks, but those feedbacks were primarily a response to natural devegetation of the landscape from persistent rainfall deficits in the late 1920s and 1930s, not mechanized agriculture. The occurrence of similar, if not worse droughts in the Great Plains in past centuries which predate mechanized agriculture only further supports the idea that the 1930s drought was natural.
![ChrisMartzWX's tweet photo. It seems people like Fran still don't understand what the “Dust Bowl” actually was.
The term “Dust Bowl” does not refer to the decade-long drought that spanned North America. It also does not refer to the record-shattering heatwaves in the U.S. and Canada that were recorded in 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, and 1939.
Instead, the term “Dust Bowl” refers to the [relatively] small geographical area affected by the most severe dust storms in the 1930s. Specifically, the areas were the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles, southwestern Kansas, and southeastern Colorado (Lee & Gill, 2015, see the first image).
🔗https://t.co/m5OgECN40Q
While farming practices (specifically, the plowing of deep-rooted perennial prairie grasses and replacing them with shallow-rooted annual crops like wheat) likely contributed significantly to the incidence of dust storms, the drought itself and associated heatwaves across the North American continent were primarily natural and forced by anomalous tropical Pacific and North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (i.e., La Niña and +AMO). Only ~30% of Great Plains land area had been plowed for farming by 1930 (e.g., Cunfer, 2005); farmers generally adapted to the Plains landscape rather than changed it.
🔗https://t.co/A8a1VdQjiq
Tree ring-based proxy reconstructions also indicate that 1930s-like droughts have occurred in the Great Plains once or twice per century, on average, for at least the past 10,000 years (Herweijer et al., 2007; Miao et al., 2007). The second image shows some of these past droughts I personally identified looking through the North American Drought Atlas.
🔗https://t.co/dh1HYJXQVt
🔗https://t.co/cOQ1aZhTlA
Many of these past Great Plains droughts, including two in the 19th century alone (circa 1818–25 and the 1854–65 “Civil War Drought”), exceed the 1930s in terms of both spatial extent and magnitude, and were comparable in duration (e.g., Muhs & Holliday, 1995; Burnette & Stahle, 2012). Early settlers described the region as a de-facto desert with blowing sand.
🔗https://t.co/gdHDSGUYVB
🔗https://t.co/khyWYAEUX5
In 1855, U.S. Army Lieutenant Gouverneur Kembel Warren (known as G. K. Warren), who would later become a general during the American Civil War and crowned the “Hero of Little Round Top,” described the Nebraska Sand Hills as,
🗨️ “𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘚𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘏𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘴 (𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘉𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘚𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦) 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘮𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘫𝘶𝘴𝘵 𝘯𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘩 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘊𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘮𝘶𝘴 𝘳𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳, 𝘴𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘥 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘪𝘯 𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘥𝘪𝘳𝘦𝘤 𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘦𝘹𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘮𝘦 𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘻𝘰𝘯. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘴 𝘯𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘭𝘺 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘵𝘦, 𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵𝘪𝘴𝘩 𝘺𝘦𝘭 𝘭𝘰𝘸, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘣𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦-𝘧𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘵𝘩𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘤𝘰𝘢𝘳𝘴𝘦 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘴𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘴... 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘤𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘪𝘴 𝘦𝘹𝘤𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘺 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘳𝘺, 𝘴𝘪𝘭𝘦𝘯𝘵, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘦, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘰 𝘰𝘯𝘦’𝘴 𝘴𝘱𝘪𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘴.”
More accounts suggest that there were similar heat extremes to the 1930s in the Great Plains during the 1820s. James (1823) recounts Stephen Long's journey through southwestern Nebraska’s Imperial and Lincoln counties in June 1820 and he noted “extensive districts covered entirely with loose and fine sand” south of the South Platte River. Long also noted that,
🗨️ “𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘧𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘦𝘢𝘵 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘯𝘢𝘬𝘦𝘥 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘥... 𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘮𝘶𝘤𝘩 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘨𝘶𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘴𝘶𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘧 𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘫𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘺.”
🔗https://t.co/AtfgRJdACy
Army Fort data (you can access it from NOAA NCEI) also show that summers during the late 1850s and 1860s may have been similar to those in the 1930s. I attached daily weather observations from Manhattan, Kansas from July 1860 in the third image below. The high temperature of 115°F on July 9, 1860, is only eclipsed by 116°F measured on August 13, 1936.
Drought conditions in the 1930s were undoubtedly amplified by positive land surface feedbacks, but those feedbacks were primarily a response to natural devegetation of the landscape from persistent rainfall deficits in the late 1920s and 1930s, not mechanized agriculture. The occurrence of similar, if not worse droughts in the Great Plains in past centuries which predate mechanized agriculture only further supports the idea that the 1930s drought was natural.](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/HTzd5F-WwAAsdbp.png)
🚨 BREAKING: Secretary Pete Hegseth just announced the Department of War is CUTTING TIES with woke leftist Ivy League universities
DoW will NO LONGER be subsidizing Yale, Columbia, Brown, MIT, Princeton, and others.
“We’re DONE paying for the privilege of our enemies' wicked ideologies to be taught to our future leaders. WE’VE HAD ENOUGH!”
I’ve never seen our military this happy. Maybe in the 1980s. @PeteHegseth and @realDonaldTrump have lit a fire! 🔥
I, for one, am relishing in it. How about you?
@FreddyLA7 A lot of universities are like this!
🚨 WOW!! In an INCREDIBLE revelation, hero FlyDubai pilot Smit Machchhar — after being st*bbed by the Omani terrorist — CLICKED OPEN the cockpit door, despite his injuries lying on the floor covered in BL00D
THAT'S how crew were able to step in and save the Israel-bound flight from being crashed.
Then it landed safely in Saudi Arabia
GOD BLESS THIS HERO 🙏🏻
Machchhar has nearly 10K hours in the air, per NYP.
Graphic images are circulating of Machchhar brutally injured and fighting for his life. But he saved the ENTIRE PLANE
Dr. Oz reveals the SHOCKING scale of medical misdiagnosis in America.
“We’ve got 3 million really significant medical misdiagnoses happening a year.”
“There are coroner reports of people dying from a misdiagnosis in the hundreds of thousands.”
“So we’re hurting people.”
Two thoughts.
1. Bring back Oklahoma’s original signs like below.
2. Texas also needs this sign- ASAP
Agreed
🚨 JUST IN: Sec. Marco Rubio announces Americans will be able to apply for passports ENTIRELY ONLINE instead of spending HOURS and frustration doing it in-person
"No printing forms, no drug store hostage photo, no appointment, no line, no middleman...and REAL-TIME STATUS, [tracking] estimated delivery date."
"By the end of 2027, our goal is for most Americans to be able to apply for a passport or passport card on America .gov."
He just PERSONALLY confirmed it: America .gov will let you do the entire process online
This is massively overdue! The page is Super Intelligence-powered. EVERY nation is going to copy it 🇺🇸
Michael Desronvil, the lone holdout juror in the Lindsay Clancy murder trial, recently broke his silence in a video statement aired on Fox News' Hannity. (This video was sent to me by his legal team).
“I want to thank God for my catholic faith. I want to thank God for blessing me with the ability to love my daughter. And foremost, I would like to thank everyone, every individual, that has supported me throughout this difficult situation” 
Healthy food and healthy children are not Democratic or Republican issues. We need to start loving our children more than we hate each other.
Help Chef Andre Rush gain back his followers. Follow: @realchefrush
Some of y’all are really upset because I have WHITE children in my program. It’s been constant in my DMs etc.
And I’m not apologizing for helping a child.
You can debate race, privilege and politics all day. I’m dealing with actual children standing in front of me who need guidance, structure, skills and people who care about them.
When they walk through my doors, they’re MY boys.
They’re going to learn. They’re going to be challenged. They’re going to be corrected. And they’re going to be loved.
I’ve had to grow and challenge some of my own prejudices over the years too.
But one thing I know now: a child’s skin color will NEVER be my reason for refusing to pour into him.
The South African President brought White golfers with him to try to prove there’s no systemic persecution of Whites in South Africa.
Golfer Retief Goosen then tells Trump that his dads farmer friends have been killed and farms are constantly being burned.
Emmanuel Crawford was three years old when his parents sold him.
They lived in Ghana and they were poor enough that they could not feed him. So he was sold into the fishing trade on Lake Volta, which is where a lot of Ghana's trafficked children end up.
Here is what a three year old does out there.
He sits in a leaky wooden canoe and bails water out of it by hand, all day, so the boat does not sink.
And when the nets get caught, he goes in after them.
Lake Volta is man made. They dammed a river and flooded a forest to build it, and the trees are still down there, standing dead under the water. The nets snag on the branches, and somebody small has to dive down into water you cannot see through and pull them loose.
Children drown doing that. Regularly.
Crawford did it for two years.
He was five when a man working with a rescue organization came across his canoe out on the lake.
Crawford has described it simply.
"He felt a tug on his heart from the Lord, that this kid doesn't need to be here."
He was taken to a home in Tema, Ghana, run by a nonprofit called Touch A Life that gets children out of the trade.
And that is where a couple from Grove, Oklahoma found him. Audrey and Stan Crawford.
"When I first met my mom, I jumped onto her, I just climbed her, and we were best friends from the very beginning."
The adoption took months. Then Audrey got on a plane and brought a six year old home to a town of about 6,000 people in northeast Oklahoma, where he became the youngest of six kids.
He remembers the first day.
"I had my first hamburger that day and fries. It was heaven on Earth."
Then he grew up and started playing football.
As a senior at Grove High School he carried the ball 230 times for 2,304 yards. That is 10 yards every single time he touched it. He scored 36 rushing touchdowns, caught 19 passes for 546 more yards and seven more scores, and Grove went 13-1.
He finished his career with 6,777 rushing yards.
That is the most anyone has ever run for in Oklahoma Class 5A history. Plus 93 rushing touchdowns.
They named him the 2022-23 Gatorade Oklahoma Football Player of the Year.
And then he went to Arkansas as a preferred walk-on.
No scholarship. The best football player in the state, walking on.
He got there partly because Sam Pittman, who was the Arkansas head coach at the time, went to Grove High School himself. Crawford's high school coach texted him about the kid.
"The only campus that I felt a real connection was Arkansas. On the car ride home, I was like, 'I know where I want to be.'"
He redshirted in 2023 and has been stuck behind a crowded backfield ever since. Pittman got fired after last season.
Crawford is still on the roster in Fayetteville. Number 21.
Still waiting on his carries.
He has waited for worse.
THEN: The Nazis euthanized 250,000 mentally ill people during WWII.
NOW: Canada will vote October 7 on whether to euthanize mentally ill people.
And they say we're Nazis.
ICE raids have had zero impact on our Oklahoma pasture to plate ranch. Any part of the “beef industry” shielding illegal immigrants from deportation, including the Cattlemen’s Association, needs to burn.
Endangered heritage horses are more than historical relics; they connect us to our past. Breeds imported from Europe, Central Asia, the United Kingdom, and the Caribbean, along with unique American breeds developed here, embody the diverse stories of America, the American people, and the cultures that have developed over time in this country. By conserving their diversity, we preserve a species and our shared history. By ensuring their future, we ensure that future generations will also know these stories and animals. Let’s celebrate and protect these living treasures to honor our past and inspire future generations!
More information about many endangered horse breeds can be found on The Livestock Conservancy’s website at https://t.co/kKaUPu0PAK
https://t.co/1y5P0aCSp1
This is DISGUSTING and FAKE. A complete LIE.
Shame on the Washington Post — they’re worse than Iranian state media.
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