Women are 4-times more likely to have autoimmune diseases than men. Why is this?
From Dou et al. in Cell, today
In females, the second X chromosome is silenced by a long non-coding RNA, called Xist (pronounced 'exist') - males don't express Xist
Xist, together with almost 100 unique proteins, wraps itself around the second X chromosome, silencing it. It's thought that Xist-protein complexes are highly immunogenic, and may represent targets for autoantibodies
Dou et al. devised a system to induce expression of Xist in male mice. They found that Xist expression led to the production of autoantibodies, similar to levels found in female mice (RIBO P0/P2 are lupus autoantibodies, CENPA/B are scleroderma autoantibodies):
In a mouse model, these autoantibodies in Xist-expressing males were sufficient to cause significant lupus pathology (including in the kidney and the lung):
In humans, autoantibodies against the Xist ribonucleoprotein complex were enriched in female patients with lupus, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis
Therefore, Xist may solve the puzzle of female-biased autoimmunity
https://t.co/95sqEMGqJ8
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