High-strength steel tendons are tensioned with hydraulic jacks before concrete is poured into the mold. Once the concrete cures, the tension is released, placing the concrete under permanent compression to improve strength and crack resistance.
🎥: zavod_pst / IG
10 years ago today, I built a cathode ray tube in a wine bottle for fun. I had been reading Linus Pauling's amazing textbook General Chemistry and realized that CRTs sat at an essential moment in physics history.
In the late 1800s, high voltage and vacuum pump technologies were sufficiently developed that everyone was pulling vacuums and applying high voltage on glass vessels. Sir William Crookes got such a tube to glow in 1875.
In 1895, Röntgen used one to discover X-rays, quickly taking a x-ray of his wife's hand. The vast industry of new diagnostics branched out of this, enabling huge advances in medicine and probing of nature. Crystalline lattices, ionic bonds, and DNA were later discovered thanks to x-ray diffraction.
Three weeks after Röntgen's discovery, a guy named Becquerel attended a talk on x-rays and went on a journey studying the rays during which he discovered natural radiation coming out of uranium salts. When Marie Curie heard about this, she used her microchemistry expertise to isolate the radioactive elements. Soon after, Rutherford discovered the nucleus and nuclear reactions. This led to the eventual discovery of nuclear fission, the creation of the atomic bomb, the end of WWII, and much of the modern world order.
In 1897, J. J. Thompson used a CRT to discovery electrons. This led to the development of modern quantum physics, and eventually modern semiconductors and solar panels.
In 1906, a CRT with magnetic deflection used for amplifying a signal was patented as the vacuum tube. The incredible device enabled radio, radar, the electric guitar, sound recording, telephone networks, computers, and industrial process control systems. The CRT gave us the Beatles.
And of course, if you put a CRT on its side and put a phosphorescent screen at the end and some steering magnets, you get a television screen.
My little CRT wine bottle is an homage to the astounding impact a small group of people had by fooling around with vacuum pumps and high voltage.
If two pieces of the same metal touch in space, they will permanently bond together as there’s nothing separating like-atoms in a vacuum 🤯
The effect is known as 'cold welding'
THE MOON HAS CAVES?!
Scientists have made an astonishing discovery: a deep cave on the Moon, potentially over 100 meters in depth.
Located on Mare Tranquillitatis, the same spot where Apollo 11 landed, it was found using radar technology.
This cave formed millions or even billions of years ago and could be similar to volcanic caves on Earth.
A coordinator of the European Space Agency, Francesco Sauro:
“We have very good images of the surface - up to 25cm of resolution - we can see the Apollo landing sites - but we know nothing about what lies below the surface.
There are huge opportunities for discovery.”
Source: BBC