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Here attached is the procedure.
#KCSE#integrity
Treatment of Essential Hypertension (Adults)
Step 1
◻️ Age <55 years: Start an ACE inhibitor (ACEi) or ARB (ARB if ACEi is not tolerated).
◻️ Age ≥55 years or Black African/Black Caribbean ethnicity: Start a calcium channel blocker (CCB).
Step 2
◼️ACEi/ARB + CCB
◼️ If a CCB is not tolerated, use a thiazide-like diuretic instead.
Step 3
◻️ ACEi/ARB + CCB + thiazide-like diuretic
Step 4 (Resistant Hypertension)
◻️ If serum potassium is ≤4.5 mmol/L: Add low-dose spironolactone.
◻️ If serum potassium is >4.5 mmol/L: Consider an alpha-blocker or beta-blocker, or seek specialist advice.
Key point: Use either an ACE inhibitor or an ARB, never both together.
Reference: NICE Guideline NG136: Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management (updated February 2026).
What is the first-line treatment for localized hyperhidrosis (armpits and palms)?
· A) Botox injections
· B) Aluminum chloride
· C) Surgery
· D) Oral pills
Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) 🫁👶
A common pediatric airway emergency and a high-yield SMLE topic.
Think Croup in a child with:
▫️Barking cough 🐶
▫️Hoarseness of voice
▫️Inspiratory stridor
▫️Symptoms worse at night
▫️Low-grade fever
Most common cause:
🦠 Parainfluenza virus
Diagnosis:
✅ Clinical diagnosis
❌ Routine imaging is not usually needed.
Management:
💊 Dexamethasone for all severities
💨 Nebulized epinephrine for moderate/severe cases
Classic clue:
Barking cough + stridor in a young child = Think Croup ✅
Full pediatric summary 👇
https://t.co/iQY7FLGuJb
💊 Drug of the Day #20: Dapagliflozin (Farxiga®)
Dapagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor that improves glycemic control and provides important cardiorenal protection in patients with diabetes, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.
⚙️ Mechanism of Action:
Inhibits SGLT2 in the proximal renal tubule, leading to:
⬇️ Glucose Reabsorption in the Kidney
⬆️ Urinary Glucose Excretion
⬇️ Blood Glucose Levels
⬇️ Cardiac Preload and Afterload
✅ Uses:
• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
• Heart Failure (HFrEF & HFpEF)
• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
• Reduction of Heart Failure Hospitalization Risk
⚠️ Common Side Effects:
• Genital Fungal Infections
• Urinary Tract Infections
• Polyuria
• Dehydration
• Hypotension
🚨 Important Warning:
May cause Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis (euDKA). Stop the medication 3 days before major surgery and monitor renal function and hydration status.
💡 Exam Pearl:
SGLT2 inhibitors provide cardiorenal protection beyond glucose lowering, reducing heart failure hospitalization and slowing CKD progression, even in some patients without diabetes.
#DrugOfTheDay #Pharmacy #Cardiology #Nephrology #SMLE #SPLE
Guys, I was being a gentleman... but some Arsenal fans are getting too comfortable
You finally won the war after 22 years of banter 😂🏆
Now let's start another 50 years of banter about the Big Ears Cup
#ilovethisgame#arsenal#banter