This arch is named after an emperor who never stood beneath it.
Trajan founded Thamugadi in 100 AD. A colony for veterans of the Third Augustan Legion, cut into the edge of empire in what is now Algeria.
He gave it a grid. A near-perfect square, cut into over a hundred equal blocks. Streets so precise they're still used to teach Roman town planning.
The arch came later. Built under Septimius Severus, roughly a century after Trajan died. The ornate columns and deep niches belong to a different age entirely.
It kept his name anyway.
One emperor built the city. A different one built the gate. History kept the wrong name on the arch.🏛️
A Russian psychologist spent 10 years proving that the act of talking to yourself out loud is one of the most powerful cognitive tools the human brain has, and almost nobody outside his field has read the work.
His name was Lev Vygotsky.
He worked in Moscow in the 1920s and died of tuberculosis in 1934 at the age of 37. He had no laboratory, no funding, almost no English readers, and a body of work that the Soviet government suppressed for two decades after he died.
He produced the foundational theory of how human cognition actually develops, and the central piece of that theory was a behavior almost every adult is faintly embarrassed about.
Vygotsky noticed that young children talk to themselves constantly. They narrate their own actions, they argue with imaginary opponents, they instruct themselves through tasks out loud.
The dominant theory at the time, from the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, said this was a sign of cognitive immaturity that children would eventually grow out of as they learned to think properly.
Vygotsky said the exact opposite.
He argued that this self-directed speech was the most important cognitive event in the entire developmental window, because it was the moment a child first started to use language as a tool to control their own mind. The child was not failing to think. The child was learning how to think by externalizing the process and listening to themselves do it.
He predicted that as children matured, this out-loud self-talk would not disappear. It would go underground. It would become silent inner speech, which is the running monologue every adult has inside their own head for the rest of their life.
The voice you hear when you read this sentence is the direct descendant of a four-year-old narrating their own block tower.
For 50 years almost nobody outside Russia had access to his work, and the few researchers who did pick it up could not get funding to test it. Then in the early 2000s the experiments finally started to pile up, and what they found was that Vygotsky had been right about something even more important than he knew.
The first major study came from Gary Lupyan at the University of Wisconsin and Daniel Swingley at the University of Pennsylvania in 2012. They ran a simple visual search experiment. Participants were shown 20 images at once and asked to find a specific object, like a banana or a chair. In one condition they searched silently. In the other condition they were told to say the name of the object out loud to themselves while looking for it.
The participants who spoke the target name out loud found the object significantly faster, with higher accuracy, than the participants who searched in silence. The effect was strongest when the spoken word matched a familiar object the brain already had a strong category for.
Saying the word out loud literally tuned the visual system to detect that thing better. The researchers called it the label feedback effect, and the implication was that the act of vocalizing a goal physically changes how the brain processes the world while pursuing it.
The second major study came out of the University of Michigan and Michigan State in 2017. The lead researchers were Ethan Kross and Jason Moser, and they used both EEG and fMRI to record what happens inside the brain when people talk to themselves while emotionally upset.
They asked participants to recall painful autobiographical memories and reflect on them in two different ways. Some used the first person, saying things like "why am I feeling this way." Others used the third person, referring to themselves by their own name, saying things like "why is John feeling this way."
The brain scans showed that the simple act of switching from first person to third person, even silently, decreased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, the region responsible for rumination and self-referential pain. Within a single second of using their own name instead of the word I, participants showed measurably lower emotional reactivity. The shift required no extra cognitive effort. It cost the brain nothing. And it worked.
Kross described the mechanism in his interviews. Talking to yourself by name creates a small amount of psychological distance from your own experience. Your brain processes the situation more like a problem belonging to someone else, which means it can analyze it instead of drowning in it.
What Vygotsky had intuited in 1934 turned out to be even more powerful than the developmental theory he built it into. The voice you use to talk to yourself is not background noise. It is one of the most precise cognitive tools the brain has, and you can change how it works just by changing the pronoun you use.
People who talk through problems out loud are not anxious or unstable. They are running an externalized version of a process the rest of us are running silently and worse. The kindergartener narrating their block tower, the surgeon muttering through a procedure, the engineer pacing a hallway describing a bug to nobody, the athlete repeating a cue to themselves before a free throw, they are all using the same ancient mechanism that builds and steers human thought.
You can run the experiment yourself the next time you are stuck on something hard. Stop trying to solve it silently in your head. Say it out loud. Describe what you are seeing. Walk yourself through the steps as if you were explaining it to a colleague who is not in the room.
And when something genuinely upsets you, switch to your own name. Ask why this person is feeling this way, instead of why I am feeling this way.
The voice you have been told to keep quiet your entire life is one of the oldest pieces of cognitive technology you own.
Most people are still embarrassed to use it.
Citadel pays $650k/year for quants who use Markov Chains to find regime-switching edges.
This 1-hour MIT 6.041 lecture on Markov Chains gives you the exact same framework quants get paid $54k/month to apply.
Bookmark & watch today. Then read the article below.
If you Find EQ a new world will open up for you...
Join my FREE TG, past week we had 4 times H/L of day right & friday 16 points away on NQ
(With proof no chats deleted)
https://t.co/0OXecX3cmN
Bet you can't watch 5 minutes of this without having a trading breakthrough. - MUST BOOKMARK
Mark Douglas - Trading in the Zone.
22 minutes. Full course. Must Watch.
Your edge isn't your chart. It's your mind. ⚡
ICT Institutional Order Flow Entry Drill (IOFED) 💎
The IOFED is an advanced entry model allowing traders to participate in an expected move after the earlier entries opportunities were either missed or ignored
If a move starts too fast and you didn't get in, IOFED can save you
Institutional Order Flow (IOF) by ICT 💎
Understanding IOF will make it easier to find high probability setups because you will be trading in the same direction as the big institutions.
Determining the current IOF is not as hard as it might seem to a beginning trader.
Thinking like a Market Maker 🧠
In the ICT private mentorship, countless lessons were provided with the goal of making it easier for traders to begin to view the market like the big players do
Learning how the market makers trade make it possible for retail traders to succeed
This is Larry Williams.
He’s the ALL TIME trading World Cup champion.
Turning $10,000 to $1.1 Million… that’s 11,000% in a single year.
He shares the reason why his record has lasted 38 years.
And why ICT never came close… despite calling Larry out 🧵