![balajis's tweet photo. ECONOMICS > POLITICS
No election can pay off America's $175T in debt.
Only the printing press can.
Because as Elon, Dalio, and others realize...the Western world is headed for a sovereign debt crisis far worse than 2008. Just like they’ve been lying about Biden’s senility, they’ve also been lying about the economy. And so they're going to print a lot of currency. But take a look at the data and judge for yourself.
1) MORE EMERGENCY LOANS THAN 2008
First, did you know the Fed[1] made more emergency loans in 2023 than during the financial crisis of 2008? The banking system is on life support thanks to the US government first selling billions in bonds to financial institutions and then devaluing them with surprise rate hikes.
Just look at this graph from the Fed. The blue bump below on the left is the lending from the 2008 crisis — you know, that little old thing. The purple is COVID. And the giant orange/aquamarine monster on the right is the 2023 banking crisis. See how much higher it is than even 2008?
2) MORE BORROWING THAN COVID
Second, did you know the US is borrowing more[2] under the "Biden boom" than it did during COVID? Set aside whether a coronavirus should have been treated as a financial crisis. At least the COVID borrowing was at ~0% rates. But today the US government is borrowing historical sums of money in peacetime…and at 5% rates! This is the act of a desperate man maxing out his credit cards to pay his bills.
3) MORE INTEREST THAN DEFENSE
Third, did you know that all this borrowing has made interest payments on the national debt the single largest government expense? More than defense, or social security, or anything else[3a, 3b]. The number one thing all tax dollars (and printed dollars) now go towards as of 2024 are payments to bondholders. And even still, anyone who bought US Treasuries (or other bonds) got annihilated over the past few years.
For all the warfare and all the welfare, it was buy now pay later. And as you can see from the graph, the time to pay has come.
4) MORE DEVALUATION OF THE DOLLAR
Fourth, did you know that the dollar has lost at least 25% of its value in just four years[4a]? This one you probably knew from just your lived experience of inflation. But Larry Summers estimates[4b] that purchasing power has been eroded even more radically than this, with annual numbers hitting 18% if you include the enormous spike in loan payments due to rate hikes. Compounded over four years, that’d be considerably more than 25% of the dollar's value.
But wait, there's more. Six more graphs, and references. 👇](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GTH_trVaYAAvNMW.jpg)
![balajis's tweet photo. ECONOMICS > POLITICS
No election can pay off America's $175T in debt.
Only the printing press can.
Because as Elon, Dalio, and others realize...the Western world is headed for a sovereign debt crisis far worse than 2008. Just like they’ve been lying about Biden’s senility, they’ve also been lying about the economy. And so they're going to print a lot of currency. But take a look at the data and judge for yourself.
1) MORE EMERGENCY LOANS THAN 2008
First, did you know the Fed[1] made more emergency loans in 2023 than during the financial crisis of 2008? The banking system is on life support thanks to the US government first selling billions in bonds to financial institutions and then devaluing them with surprise rate hikes.
Just look at this graph from the Fed. The blue bump below on the left is the lending from the 2008 crisis — you know, that little old thing. The purple is COVID. And the giant orange/aquamarine monster on the right is the 2023 banking crisis. See how much higher it is than even 2008?
2) MORE BORROWING THAN COVID
Second, did you know the US is borrowing more[2] under the "Biden boom" than it did during COVID? Set aside whether a coronavirus should have been treated as a financial crisis. At least the COVID borrowing was at ~0% rates. But today the US government is borrowing historical sums of money in peacetime…and at 5% rates! This is the act of a desperate man maxing out his credit cards to pay his bills.
3) MORE INTEREST THAN DEFENSE
Third, did you know that all this borrowing has made interest payments on the national debt the single largest government expense? More than defense, or social security, or anything else[3a, 3b]. The number one thing all tax dollars (and printed dollars) now go towards as of 2024 are payments to bondholders. And even still, anyone who bought US Treasuries (or other bonds) got annihilated over the past few years.
For all the warfare and all the welfare, it was buy now pay later. And as you can see from the graph, the time to pay has come.
4) MORE DEVALUATION OF THE DOLLAR
Fourth, did you know that the dollar has lost at least 25% of its value in just four years[4a]? This one you probably knew from just your lived experience of inflation. But Larry Summers estimates[4b] that purchasing power has been eroded even more radically than this, with annual numbers hitting 18% if you include the enormous spike in loan payments due to rate hikes. Compounded over four years, that’d be considerably more than 25% of the dollar's value.
But wait, there's more. Six more graphs, and references. 👇](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GTH_jYObQAAy7zs.jpg)
![balajis's tweet photo. ECONOMICS > POLITICS
No election can pay off America's $175T in debt.
Only the printing press can.
Because as Elon, Dalio, and others realize...the Western world is headed for a sovereign debt crisis far worse than 2008. Just like they’ve been lying about Biden’s senility, they’ve also been lying about the economy. And so they're going to print a lot of currency. But take a look at the data and judge for yourself.
1) MORE EMERGENCY LOANS THAN 2008
First, did you know the Fed[1] made more emergency loans in 2023 than during the financial crisis of 2008? The banking system is on life support thanks to the US government first selling billions in bonds to financial institutions and then devaluing them with surprise rate hikes.
Just look at this graph from the Fed. The blue bump below on the left is the lending from the 2008 crisis — you know, that little old thing. The purple is COVID. And the giant orange/aquamarine monster on the right is the 2023 banking crisis. See how much higher it is than even 2008?
2) MORE BORROWING THAN COVID
Second, did you know the US is borrowing more[2] under the "Biden boom" than it did during COVID? Set aside whether a coronavirus should have been treated as a financial crisis. At least the COVID borrowing was at ~0% rates. But today the US government is borrowing historical sums of money in peacetime…and at 5% rates! This is the act of a desperate man maxing out his credit cards to pay his bills.
3) MORE INTEREST THAN DEFENSE
Third, did you know that all this borrowing has made interest payments on the national debt the single largest government expense? More than defense, or social security, or anything else[3a, 3b]. The number one thing all tax dollars (and printed dollars) now go towards as of 2024 are payments to bondholders. And even still, anyone who bought US Treasuries (or other bonds) got annihilated over the past few years.
For all the warfare and all the welfare, it was buy now pay later. And as you can see from the graph, the time to pay has come.
4) MORE DEVALUATION OF THE DOLLAR
Fourth, did you know that the dollar has lost at least 25% of its value in just four years[4a]? This one you probably knew from just your lived experience of inflation. But Larry Summers estimates[4b] that purchasing power has been eroded even more radically than this, with annual numbers hitting 18% if you include the enormous spike in loan payments due to rate hikes. Compounded over four years, that’d be considerably more than 25% of the dollar's value.
But wait, there's more. Six more graphs, and references. 👇](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GTH_ciTaUAA_ael.jpg)
Olivia
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Zodl 3.9.1 is now available.
Fixes for a migration edge case and a transaction history display issue are live for Android (Google Play, F-Droid, and Github).
Update today.
https://t.co/uGuy7PFTBk
A good wallet doesn’t just execute transactions — it helps users understand the risks before they sign.
E159: @Hyperliquidx: Housing all of Finance
@chameleon_jeff came back on the When Shift Happens Podcast to talk about the Hyperliquid journey since the TGE and what the future holds for one of the most loved and prolific protocols in the space
Hyperliquid
Timestamps
0:00 Intro
2:01 Singapore
2:27 Reminiscing on the Token Launch
5:00 Was This Scale Of Wealth Expected?
6:28 Doing The Right Thing In Crypto
9:07 The Responsibility that comes with Billions of $
11:10 @JupiterExchange @KASTxyz
11:51 Bringing Hyperliquid to the masses
15:21 Pre TGE and Post TGE: Operational difference
20:13 Choices on what to build Internally vs Externally
22:05 How to build a reliable team
24:51 Did the Team celebrate the HYPE wealth Generation event?
26:45 How to test talents for High Integrity
28:31 How much does the Hyperliquid team sleep?
30:05 Employee Vesting Fears
31:41 Dealing with FUD
32:28 How Does Jeff Personally Handle FUD
35:02 Token "Buybacks" critics
37:20 Why Hyperliquid can't have Discretionary "Buybacks"
39:04 HyperEVM, explained Simply
40:00 @paradex @zodl_app
40:41 HyperEVM: Success so Far?
44:05 HIP-3, explained Simply
47:44 What makes Hyperliquid's approach different
48:19 Why Should People Care?
51:33 Bring All Finance On Chain
52:08 Why Is The Hyperliquid Approach Better?
53:47 Key Numbers showing that Hyperliquid Is Doing it right
59:01 What Has the @unitxyz team demonstrated with spot trading on Hyperliquid in 2025
1:03:29 HIP-4: Outcome Markets
1:08:01 @Trezor @bitwise @SuiNetwork
1:08:58 What does "Housing All Of Finance" mean?
1:10:51 Why Hyperliquid is not a crypto company
1:12:23 Why Does Hyperliquid have A Stablecoin USDH (@nativemarkets)
1:14:39 What Is @Kinetiq_xyz & Why Does It Matter?
1:16:15 Why Is What @Hyperlendx Is Building Important For HyperLiquid
1:23:39 Where did Fairness cost the most?
1:24:47 What should Hyperliquid be Remembered for?
1:25:24 Why should people stay in Crypto when there's an AI brain drain?
1:28:10 Closing Thoughts
啊啊啊啊啊，经推友推荐，我才读到这本书，属于相见恨晚太尼玛晚的那种。
几乎每一章背后都能有可以想象到的坑，行业里糟糕的实践，那些本意是好的但难以执行的工作框架，那些浪费，那些错误。
我已经开始读第二遍了。推荐所有的研发管理，创业团队认真思考，所有研发过程中可能遇到的困境，这本书里几乎都有他的答案（不一定是最优答案，但是至少提供了一种解决办法）。
《Shape Up》，basecamp 的研发项目管理方法论。
https://t.co/9IZiFu6NDy
Paradigm 貌似大一统了。编译 solidity 使用 solar，开发合约使用 foundry，运行节点使用 Reth，区块数据提取和分析使用 cryo，前端使用 wagmi / viem。
感觉 paradigm 有望成为以太坊的事实标准。
@myanTokenGeek mark，到时候回头看
ECONOMICS > POLITICS
No election can pay off America's $175T in debt.
Only the printing press can.
Because as Elon, Dalio, and others realize...the Western world is headed for a sovereign debt crisis far worse than 2008. Just like they’ve been lying about Biden’s senility, they’ve also been lying about the economy. And so they're going to print a lot of currency. But take a look at the data and judge for yourself.
1) MORE EMERGENCY LOANS THAN 2008
First, did you know the Fed[1] made more emergency loans in 2023 than during the financial crisis of 2008? The banking system is on life support thanks to the US government first selling billions in bonds to financial institutions and then devaluing them with surprise rate hikes.
Just look at this graph from the Fed. The blue bump below on the left is the lending from the 2008 crisis — you know, that little old thing. The purple is COVID. And the giant orange/aquamarine monster on the right is the 2023 banking crisis. See how much higher it is than even 2008?
2) MORE BORROWING THAN COVID
Second, did you know the US is borrowing more[2] under the "Biden boom" than it did during COVID? Set aside whether a coronavirus should have been treated as a financial crisis. At least the COVID borrowing was at ~0% rates. But today the US government is borrowing historical sums of money in peacetime…and at 5% rates! This is the act of a desperate man maxing out his credit cards to pay his bills.
3) MORE INTEREST THAN DEFENSE
Third, did you know that all this borrowing has made interest payments on the national debt the single largest government expense? More than defense, or social security, or anything else[3a, 3b]. The number one thing all tax dollars (and printed dollars) now go towards as of 2024 are payments to bondholders. And even still, anyone who bought US Treasuries (or other bonds) got annihilated over the past few years.
For all the warfare and all the welfare, it was buy now pay later. And as you can see from the graph, the time to pay has come.
4) MORE DEVALUATION OF THE DOLLAR
Fourth, did you know that the dollar has lost at least 25% of its value in just four years[4a]? This one you probably knew from just your lived experience of inflation. But Larry Summers estimates[4b] that purchasing power has been eroded even more radically than this, with annual numbers hitting 18% if you include the enormous spike in loan payments due to rate hikes. Compounded over four years, that’d be considerably more than 25% of the dollar's value.
But wait, there's more. Six more graphs, and references. 👇
![balajis's tweet photo. ECONOMICS > POLITICS
No election can pay off America's $175T in debt.
Only the printing press can.
Because as Elon, Dalio, and others realize...the Western world is headed for a sovereign debt crisis far worse than 2008. Just like they’ve been lying about Biden’s senility, they’ve also been lying about the economy. And so they're going to print a lot of currency. But take a look at the data and judge for yourself.
1) MORE EMERGENCY LOANS THAN 2008
First, did you know the Fed[1] made more emergency loans in 2023 than during the financial crisis of 2008? The banking system is on life support thanks to the US government first selling billions in bonds to financial institutions and then devaluing them with surprise rate hikes.
Just look at this graph from the Fed. The blue bump below on the left is the lending from the 2008 crisis — you know, that little old thing. The purple is COVID. And the giant orange/aquamarine monster on the right is the 2023 banking crisis. See how much higher it is than even 2008?
2) MORE BORROWING THAN COVID
Second, did you know the US is borrowing more[2] under the "Biden boom" than it did during COVID? Set aside whether a coronavirus should have been treated as a financial crisis. At least the COVID borrowing was at ~0% rates. But today the US government is borrowing historical sums of money in peacetime…and at 5% rates! This is the act of a desperate man maxing out his credit cards to pay his bills.
3) MORE INTEREST THAN DEFENSE
Third, did you know that all this borrowing has made interest payments on the national debt the single largest government expense? More than defense, or social security, or anything else[3a, 3b]. The number one thing all tax dollars (and printed dollars) now go towards as of 2024 are payments to bondholders. And even still, anyone who bought US Treasuries (or other bonds) got annihilated over the past few years.
For all the warfare and all the welfare, it was buy now pay later. And as you can see from the graph, the time to pay has come.
4) MORE DEVALUATION OF THE DOLLAR
Fourth, did you know that the dollar has lost at least 25% of its value in just four years[4a]? This one you probably knew from just your lived experience of inflation. But Larry Summers estimates[4b] that purchasing power has been eroded even more radically than this, with annual numbers hitting 18% if you include the enormous spike in loan payments due to rate hikes. Compounded over four years, that’d be considerably more than 25% of the dollar's value.
But wait, there's more. Six more graphs, and references. 👇](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GTIA_4rbEAAwqsj.jpg)
上次我们分析了全同态加密（FHE，Fully Homomorphic Encryption）技术如何运作。
但是很多朋友仍然会把FHE和ZK、MPC这些加密技术弄混，因此第二篇thread计划将这三门技术详细对比一波：
FHE vs ZK vs MPC
首先，让我们从最基本的问题开始：
-这三种技术分���是什么？
-它们如何工作？
-它们如何为区块链应用工作？
1.零知识证明（ZK）：强调“证明却不泄露”
零知识证明（ZK）技术探讨的命题是：如何在不泄露任何具体内容的情况下，验证信息的真实性。
ZK建立在密码学的坚实基础上，通过零知识证明，Alice可以向另一方Bob证明：她知道某个秘密，却不必揭示任何关于秘密本身的信息。
想象一个场景，Alice希望向租车行员工Bob证明她的信用，但她不希望去银行打个流水之类的。这时候，比如银行/支付软件的“信用分”就堪比她的“零知识证明”。
Alice在Bob“零知晓”的条件下，证明她的信用评分良好，而无需展示她的账户流水，这就是零知识证明。
如果应用到区块链里，可以参考之前的一个匿名币Zcash：
当Alice给他人转账时，她��要匿名，又要证明她拥有转账这些币的权力（否则会导致双花），于是她就需要生成一个ZK证明。
所以，矿工Bob看到了这个证明后，能够在不知道她到底是谁（即对Alice的身份零知识）的情况下，仍能把交易上链。
2.多方安全计算（MPC）：强调“如何计算却不泄露”
多方安全计算（MPC）技术主要应用于：如何在不泄露敏感信息的前提下，让多方参与者还能安全地一起计算。
这项技术让多个参与者（比如说Alice、Bob和Carol）能够共同完成一项计算任务，却无需任何一方透露自己的输入数据。
例如，如果Alice、Bob和Carol想要计算他们三人的平均工资，却不泄露各自的具体工资。那么如何操作呢？
每个人可以将自己的工资分成三部分，并交换其中两部分给其他两人。每个人都对收到的数字进行加和，然后分享这个求和结果。
最后，三人再对这三个求和结果求出总和，进而得到平均值，但却无法确定除自己外其他人的确切工资。
如果套用到加密行业，MPC钱包就使用这样的技术。
以Binance或者Bybit推出的最简单MPC钱包为例，用户不再需要存12个助记词，而是有点类似于，把私钥魔改成2/2多签，用户手机一份，用户云端一份，交易所一份。
如果用户不小心弄丢了自己的手机，至少云上+交易所还能恢复出来。
当然，如果要求安全性更高，一些MPC钱包可以支持引入更多的第三方来保护私钥碎片。
因此，基于MPC这门密码学技术，多方可以在相互不需要信任的情况下，安全地使用私钥。
3.全同态加密（FHE）：强调“如何加密才能找外包”
如同我上篇thread所说，全同态加密（FHE）则应用在：我们如何加密，使得敏感数据加密后，可以交给不信任第三方进行辅助计算，结果仍能由我们解密出来。
上篇传送门：https://t.co/JdKYOnLJSZ
举个例子，Alice自己���有计算能力，需要依赖Bob来计算，但是又不想告诉Bob真相，因此只能将原始数据引入噪音（做任意次的加法/乘法加密），然后利用Bob强大的算力对这些数据进行加工，最后由Alice自己解密出来得到真实结果，而Bob对内容一无所知。
想象一下，如果你需要在云计算环境中处理敏感数据，如医疗记录或个人财务信息，FHE就显得尤为重要。
它允许数据在整个处理过程中保持加密状态，这不仅保护数据安全，还符合隐私法规。
上次重点分析了AI行业为什么需要FHE，那么在加密行业中，FHE这门技术能够带来什么应用呢？
比如说有个项目叫做Mind Network @mindnetwork_xyz
拿到了以太坊Grant，也是币安孵化器的项目。它关注到了一个PoS机制的原生问题：
像以太坊这样的PoS协议，拥有100w+的验证者，自然没什么问题。但是很多小的项目，问题就来了，矿工天生���偷懒的。
为什么这么说呢？理论上，节点工作是：兢兢业业地验证每一笔交易是否合法。但是一些小的PoS协议，节点不够多，而且包括很多“大节点”。
所以，很多小PoS节点就发现：与其浪费时间亲自计算核实，不如直接跟随照抄大节点现成的结果。
这个毫无疑问，会带来非常夸张的中心化。
另外，比如投票的场景同样有这种“跟随”迹象。
比如说之前MakerDAO协议的投票，由于A16Z当年拥有了太多MKR票仓，导致很多时候它的态度对于某些协议起决定性作用。A16Z投票之后，很多小票仓只能被迫跟票或者弃权，完全无法反映出真实民意。
所以，Mind Network利用了FHE技术：
让PoS节点相互*不知道*对方答案的情况下，仍然能够借助机器算力完成区块的验证工作，防止PoS节点相互抄袭。
or
让投票者在相互*不知道*相互的投票意向之后，仍然能够借助投票���台计算出投票结果，防止跟票。
这就是FHE在区块链的重要应用之一。
所以，为了实现这样的功能，Mind还需要重建一个re-staking套娃协议。因为EigenLayer本身将来就要为一些小的区块链提供“外包节点”服务，如果再配合FHE，可以让PoS网络或者投票大幅提升安全性。
打个不恰当的比喻，小的区块链引入Eigen+Mind，有点像小国自己搞不定内政，于是引入外国驻军。
这也算是Mind在PoS/Restaking分支上和Renzo、Puffer的差异化之一， Mind Network相比Renzo、Puffer这些起步更晚，最近刚刚启动主网，相对来说没有Re-taking summer那时候那么卷了。
当然，Mind Network也同样在AI分支上提供服务，比如用FHE技术加密喂给AI的数据，然后让AI能够在*不知道*原始数据的情况下学习、处理这些数据，典型案例包括与bittensor 子网的合作。
最后，再总结一下：
虽然ZK（零知识证明）、MPC（多方计算）、和FHE（全���态加密）都是为了保护数据隐私和安全设计的先进加密技术，但是在应用场景/技术复杂性有区别：
应用场景：
ZK强调“如何证明”。它提供了一种方式，使得一方可以向另一方证明某一信息的正确性，而无需透露任何额外信息。这种技术在需要验证权限或身份时非常有用。
MPC强调“如何计算”。它允许多个参与者共同进行计算，而不必透露各自的输入。这在需要数据合作但又要保护各方数据隐私的场合，如跨机构的数据分析和财务审计中。
FHE强调“如何加密”。它使得在数据始终保持加密的状态下，委托进行复杂的计算成为可能。这对于云计算/AI服务尤为重要，用户可以安全地在云环境中处理敏感数据。
技术复杂性：
ZK虽然理论上强大，但设计有效且易于实现的零知识证明协议可能非常复杂，需要深厚的数学和编程技能，比如大家听不懂的各种“电路”。
MPC在实现时需要解决���步和通信效率问题，尤其是在参与者众多的情况下，协调成本和计算开销可以非常高。
FHE在计算效率方面面临巨大挑战，加密算法比较复杂，2009年���成型。尽管理论上极具吸引力，但其在实际应用中的高计算复杂性和时间成本仍是主要障碍。
说实话，我们所依赖的数据安全和个人隐私保护正面临前所未有的挑战。想象一下，如果没有了加密技术，我们的短信、外卖、网购过程中的信息都已暴露无遗。就像没有锁的家门，任何人都可以随意进入。
希望对这三个概念有混淆的朋友们，能够彻底区分这三门加密学圣杯上的明珠们。
我听说硅谷已经逐渐认识到，由于 Web2 及云计算技术的成熟化和大宗商品化，就工程实施能力来说，中国、印度有经验的团队，在质量上相比于硅谷团队，已经没有代差，而价格上则有巨大的优势。因此硅谷大企业将会逐渐结束前几年的高薪军备竞赛，越来越多地将工程实施的工作外包出去，而只在本地保留一支能够在人工智能、Web3 和机器人领域进行创新的精英团队。
这些外包出去的工作主要会流向印度和海外的中国团队，原因也很简单，硅谷的 workforce 中这两国工程师是主流，天然成为理想的服务中介和管理者。但由于中美两国的关系，这些开发工作直接流向中国，会遇到更多障碍。而如果一部分中国工程师能够出海组织外包服务企业，则会比较容易承接这部分需求。
还有一个外包市场是���出现的，就是原先的信息化落后地区，拉美、东南亚和非洲，复制中国在移动互联网时期的后发优势，进行激进的信息化建设。不过，正如中国信息化的发展不是美国模式的简单复制一样，亚非拉的信息化建设，也不会是中美互联网的简单复制。我断言 Web3 技术在其中将扮演核心角色。
这两块是极其确定的机遇，摆在过去二十年中在中国互联网热潮中实践锤炼出来的数百万优秀的工程师面前，正好为开始走向内卷的 dev 们提供了一条新的出路。要把握这样的机遇，需要至少四个条件：
1. 英文和对外沟通技能。
2. 新技术的学习能力。
3. 走出去的精神和勇气。
4. 对于当今世界若干重大问题的包容性的、基本健康的观念。
经济学人：比特币 - 新的全球储备货币，为什么我们愚蠢地没有预见到这一点。 #bitcoin
Bitcoin is gaining momentum
@hylarucoder 关注一下这个话题，有比较懂得来讲一下
更新/继比特币现货ETF后，SEC批准以太坊现货ETF，从无到有的原生加密资产已经接二成为美国乃至全球金融市场的重要组成，比特币和以太坊没有公司，不依赖业绩报表，也没有锚定石油和美元，完全依赖一个技术构建，一个大胆的设想和故事，更由于我们.每一个人的共识贡献。今天我们有幸所见的，都是文明向前跨跃式重大历史时刻，都没有办法用历史经验做分析判断。普通人没有能力改天换地，但是一定要跟上时代，无论是AI还是加密资产，都是洪流，你知道吗？事实上，向前看，拥抱新事物，走小步我们天天摔跤，不时喊疼，但是大步我们错不了。
有人统计了下各个语言的开发者开发这门语言时的年龄，看来 30-40 岁真是开发者的黄金年龄啊，不是说好到了 35 就淘汰么 🙄 https://t.co/gmmVFrdxaK
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