Today a crazy quantum story just got wilder.
On March 31, the Google Quantum AI team published a landmark result on Shor's algorithm for elliptic curve cryptography. Technically, the paper was a bombshell: a dramatic 10x improvement over the state-of-the-art. As a stunt and wakeup call to the blockchain space, those optimisations were illustrated on secp256k1, the elliptic curve underlying Bitcoin and Ethereum signatures.
But perhaps the most striking part of the paper was sociological, not technical. Instead of following standard academic process, the optimisations were kept secret, hidden behind a zero-knowledge (ZK) proof. Google's accompanying blog post mentions they "engaged with the U.S. government". The ZK proof demonstrates the existence of algorithmic improvements without leaking details. Academic censorship with ZK, a historic first!
As a co-author of the Google paper I witnessed some of the context surrounding this censorship. To be honest, multiple aspects of that context don't sit well with me. As much as I believe the general public ought to know more, I am limited in my ability to whistleblow. Though let me be clear about one thing: the Google team's professionalism has been absolutely exemplary, and they deserve nothing but praise.
Censorship has a way of backfiring. The Streisand effect, where an attempt to bury something only draws more attention to it, is exactly what's unfolding today. First, Google's key optimisation has been rediscovered by the French. And in a thrilling turn of events, a collaborative Shor-at-home challenge just launched. The initiative, available at ecdsa[.]fail, breached a new Shor world record in a matter of hours.
Let's start with the rediscovery. Just two months after Google's paper, French quantum expert André Schrottenloher cracks the main secret optimisation. His paper, titled "Optimized Point Addition Circuits for Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithms", landed on the arXiv today. Big congrats to André, who beat several other nerdsnipped experts to it. In a blog post also published today, Craig Gidney, the world expert on Shor optimisations, revealed that he'd been sitting on this very optimisation for a whole year under censorship pressure.
Interestingly, André missed a handful of minor optimisations, both from Google's original publication and from improvements found since. It's plausible there's still plenty of juice left to squeeze out of Shor, and this is exactly what the ecdsa[.]fail challenge is about. The verifier program developed for the ZK proof does double duty, automatically filtering for valid submissions. Dozens of compounding small and micro improvements are rolling in. As of the time of writing there's an 8.4% improvement to Google's circuit, as measured by the product of logical qubit count and Toffoli gate count. Nice!
The nerdsnipping ran deeper than anyone expected. Over the last few weeks it became clear it extended well beyond André and other quantum experts. Behind the scenes, a small army of amateurs quietly got to work. Inspired by Karpathy-style autoresearch, they turned AI on Shor. Ironically, the verifier program for the ZK proof makes an ideal reward function for AIs. The barrier to entry for this modern style of research is refreshingly low, with several non-experts, even a teenager, finding nice optimisations. Get in touch if you'd like to join a Telegram group with fellow autoresearchers :)
Part 2: neutral atoms and qday
The story doesn't end with Google. On the same day Google went public, a stealthy startup called Oratomic published its own Shor paper in a coordinated release. It made a splash, ultimately becoming the most upvoted paper on scirate[.]com, a website ranking arXiv papers.
Oratomic's claim was wild. By building on Google's logical optimisations and applying custom physical optimisations for neutral atoms, they claimed just 10K physical qubits were sufficient to run Shor's algorithm on secp256k1. That number is mind-bogglingly low.
Knowing essentially nothing about neutral atoms when Oratomic's paper landed, I was intrigued and decided to learn more about the tech. I fell straight down the rabbit hole and spent a couple hundred hours on the topic. I got a little obsessed and watched every YouTube video I could find and spoke to a bunch of experts.
My conclusion? The tech is real, very real. Even Google recently decided to start a neutral atom lab, a notable pivot from their sole focus on superconducting qubits. If you care about qday, i.e. the day a quantum computer will break the first piece of cryptography in production, neutral atoms demand your attention. I shared some of my learnings on Shor and neutral atoms in a 30min talk at the ZKProof cryptography conference. You can find it on YouTube by searching "zkproof neutral atom".
Here's an interesting observation about this duo of breakthrough papers: neither Google nor Oratomic say a word about what their results mean for qday. No timelines. Zero. Nada. That is especially baffling given that the whole point of whitehat quantum cryptanalysis is to inform qday estimations and help the general public make good decisions.
So let me attempt to partially fill the silence, similarly to what Scott Aaronson did in his April 29 post. Given everything I know, including scary non-public information, I now put the odds of qday by 2032 at 50%. 10% by 2030.
Anecdotally, the US government has its own date: 2035. Originating at the NSA and later adopted by NIST, it's when branches of the US government will be disallowed from using quantum-vulnerable cryptography. In plain language: with hindsight, that date is a joke and should be discounted entirely. I don't see how NIST avoids being forced to pull it forward by years.
Part 3: post-quantum cryptography
There are good reasons to sound the alarm today, but please do not panic. Rushing carelessly towards immature post-quantum cryptography is a recipe for disaster. IMO a good target date for migration is 2029, roughly 3.5 years out. 2029 happens to be the date selected by Google, Cloudflare, and the Ethereum Foundation.
These days most of my time goes to safely migrating Ethereum towards post-quantum cryptography as part of the broader lean Ethereum effort. There's a lot to do. We need to rip out and replace BLS signatures at the consensus layer, KZG commitments at the data layer, and ECDSA signatures at the execution layer.
The plan to get there is compelling, and is based on hash-based cryptography. Within the Ethereum Foundation we've developed a Swiss army knife called leanVM (github[.]com/leanEthereum/leanVM) powered by the magic of hash-based SNARKs. Thanks to truly exceptional work by Emile, Thomas, and others, its performance is derisked. Regarding security, leanVM is a jewel, a minimal zkVM crafted for end-to-end formal verification and maximum security.
Want to help? There are two $1M initiatives. First, the Proximity Prize (proximityprize[.]org). Solve a long-standing mathematical conjecture in coding theory, improve hash-based SNARKs, and go home a millionaire. Second, the Poseidon Initiative (poseidon-initiative[.]info), offers $1M for breaking Poseidon, the SNARK-friendly hash function.
Avi Wigderson is the only person in history to have won both a Turing Award (computer science) and Abel Prize (math). I interviewed him all about his field. We discussed:
• His intuition on a proof of P vs NP
• Why we use SAT solvers for most NP problems
• Zero knowledge proofs and their impact
• Quantum computation and implications
• Math and computer science's relationship
Where to watch:
• YouTube: https://t.co/zViqAulFCo
• Spotify: https://t.co/iat08Xob17
• Apple Podcasts: https://t.co/jOYDGtGVnt
• Transcript: https://t.co/k4zS7yOhnw
Thank you to this episode's sponsors for supporting my work:
• WorkOS: makes your app Enterprise Ready with easy to use APIs to add SSO, SCIM, RBAC, and more in just a few lines of code, check them out at https://t.co/y8noBzFEem
Timestamps:
00:00 - Intro
01:08 - P vs NP
14:51 - What if you relaxed correctness
25:38 - Why NP complete problems are equivalent
30:33 - Space vs time complexity
43:06 - Why people use SAT solvers
45:53 - Randomness is a resource
55:48 - Randomness depends on computational power
01:21:20 - Zero knowledge proofs and their significance
01:38:30 - Quantum computation and why it matters
01:56:24 - Math vs computer science
02:08:16 - Major breakthroughs and his experience
02:12:31 - Advice for his younger self
02:14:48 - Outro
Ivanka @IvankaTrump and @eladgil are
working on a project that uses Al to translate the world's great public-domain books into every major language, making them accessible for free to anyone:
“What are some of the positive use cases for AI? And we started talking about how so much of history's great works of information and literature are not accessible to so many people due to lack of access.
AI has gotten so good that we could create high-fidelity translations of these incredible literary works.
So you think about Dostoevsky, you think about Bronte, you think about Marcus Aurelius, or Epictetus.
All of these works are available in the public domain.
We can use AI to translate them into all the world's commonly spoken languages and make them accessible and available for free if you have internet access.
So we're democratizing access to this incredible knowledge. We're calling it Alexandria Library”
This is why:
* Self-sovereign identity, data and money (so you control your account, not a third-party provider)
* CROPS AI (so other people cannot do this to *your computer* https://t.co/zmG8wrfzAi )
For those of us who could not be in #taipei this week (credit to @ImpossibleFren for sharing the link 🙏) #jensenhuang@nvidia on
The future of AI, in the making 👌https://t.co/flAnWI12xE
Way to go, a proper usage of #TEE too. thinking of you @GuyZys ⚡️ now we are getting closer to real data protection beyond the GDPR’s words only.
https://t.co/t1MVJTm2qO
AI turns water brown. You might disagree. You might even have some evidence to the contrary. But you have to ask yourself: is this really worth losing my job over? AI turns water brown.
X 2026: a list of ppl based on their faith🤦🏼♀️. I guess you converted Peter Thiel for convinience? Let me help you, Dan, you got to add Jesus, also church is a form of media :-)
Btw, AA list of ppl who come from humble beginnings & made it big.
A lot to learn for ppl who want to succeed.
That is if you think success is earned by wise decisions & hard work and not by defaming others. Try harder Dan. #ShavuaTov
Who controls the media?
Meta owns:
Facebook
Instagram
WhatsApp
Messenger
Threads
Oculus / Meta Quest VR
Meta AI
Meta is controlled by Mark Zuckerberg who is jewish
Alphabet owns:
Google
YouTube
Android
Gmail
Chrome
Pixel phones
Nest smart home devices
Fitbit (acquired in 2021)
DeepMind
Gemini AI assistant/model family
Waymo — self-driving cars
Verily — health technology
Calico — longevity research
Wing — drone delivery
Alphabet is controlled by Larry Page and Sergey Brin who are both jewish
Tic Tok
U.S. algorithm, cybersecurity and infrastructure is controlled by Oracle
Oracle is controlled by Larry Ellison and he’s jewish
Hookup Apps
Match Group owns:
Tinder
Hinge
OkCupid
https://t.co/piiSIKCUS4
Plenty of Fish
Meetic
The League
BLK
Archer
OurTime
Was founded by Barry Diller who is jewish
Grindr
Was founded by Joel Simkhai who is jewish
Bumble
Was founded by Whitney Wolfe Herd who is jewish
Porn
Onlyfans
Owned by Leonid Radvinsky who is jewish
Vixen Media Group owns:
Blacked
Blacked Raw
Vixen
Tushy
Deeper
Founded by Greg Lansky who is jewish
Aylo/MindGeek Owns/owned:
Pornhub
YouPorn
RedTube
Brazzers
Reality Kings
Digital Playground
https://t.co/qkqIK03f0k
Sean Cody
Tube8
Solomon Friedman is the owner of Aylo and he’s jewish
Gamma Entertainment owns/operates:
Adult Time
Pure Taboo
Wicked
Girlsway
many affiliate studios/platforms
Founded by Karl Bernard who is jewish
Movies/TV/News
Warner Brothers Discovery owns:
Warner Bros. Pictures
HBO
CNN
DC Studios
Cartoon Network
Discovery Channel
TNT
TBS
Max (formerly HBO Max)
Adult Swim
HGTV
Food Network
Animal Planet
Warner Brothers is run by David Zaslav who is jewish
Disney owns:
ESPN
ABC
Marvel Studios
Lucasfilm
Pixar
20th Century Studios
Disney+
Hulu (major controlling stake)
National Geographic
Disney is run by Bob Iger who is jewish
Paramount Global owns:
Broadcast & News
CBS
CBS News
CBS Sports
Local CBS stations
Film Studios
Paramount Pictures
Paramount Animation
Paramount Players
Cable Networks
MTV
Nickelodeon
Comedy Central
BET
VH1
CMT
TV Land
Smithsonian Channel
Logo TV
Pop TV
Streaming & Premium
Paramount+
Showtime
Pluto TV
Major franchises/IP
Top Gun
Mission: Impossible
Star Trek
South Park (licensing/streaming arrangements)
SpongeBob SquarePants
Transformers
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Paramount Global is controlled by Sheri Redstone, who is jewish
Comcast owns:
* NBCUniversal
* NBC
* Universal Pictures
* Peacock
* MSNBC
* CNBC
* Telemundo
* Sky (Europe)
* DreamWorks Animation
* Xfinity
Comcast is controlled by Roberts family who is Jewish
AI/Data Centers
OpenAI/ChatGPT
Run by Sam Altman who is jewish
Palentir provides advanced data integration, surveillance, AI, and analytics infrastructure used by military, intelligence, law enforcement, and major corporations. Its platforms help organizations combine massive amounts of fragmented data into real-time operational intelligence for warfare, policing, logistics, cybersecurity, manufacturing, and decision-making, making it one of the most strategically influential data and defense technology companies in the world.
Owned and operated by Peter Thiel and Alex Karp both jewish
Oracle owns:
Oracle Database
Java
MySQL
NetSuite
Cerner
Sun Microsystems technologies
It’s important because it owns core infrastructure software that powers governments, banks, hospitals, corporations, and large parts of the internet. Its control of technologies like Oracle Database, Java, MySQL, and Cerner gives it enormous influence over the backend systems modern society depends on.
Owned by Larry Ellison who is jewish