That water clarity is an engineering decision, and the math behind it is wilder than the video.
Roman aqueducts ran on gravity alone. No pumps, no pressure systems. Engineers carved channels with a gradient so shallow it borders on absurd. The Pont du Gard in southern France drops 2.5 centimeters over 275 meters. That's roughly the thickness of a coin over the length of three football fields. They surveyed that accuracy with plumb lines and wooden leveling instruments.
The clarity you're seeing is a direct product of flow velocity. Too steep and the water erodes the channel walls, picks up sediment, turns brown. Too flat and it stagnates. Roman engineers targeted a slope of about 20 centimeters per kilometer, which kept the water moving fast enough to stay fresh but slow enough to stay clear. Before the water reached the city, it passed through multi-chamber settling tanks where velocity dropped near zero. Suspended particles sank. Clean water flowed out the top into the next chamber. Repeat three or four times.
Pliny specified the minimum slope in writing. Vitruvius published the exact mortar ratio for hydraulic cement: one part lime to two parts volcanic ash for underwater work. The pozzolana from Pozzuoli reacted with water to form a calcium-aluminum-silicate compound that actually gets stronger the longer it sits submerged. Modern concrete degrades in water. Roman concrete bonds with it.
Scale the whole system and it gets harder to process. Eleven aqueducts fed Rome at its peak. Combined output: roughly 1 million cubic meters of water per day. That works out to about 250 gallons per person for a city of one million. Modern New York delivers about 125 gallons per person per day. Ancient Rome had access to double the per capita water supply of the largest city in the United States, running entirely on slope and stone.
The Trevi Fountain in Rome is still fed by one of them. Two thousand years, same source, same gravity, same water.
I’m proud to endorse @MaxForIndiana for Indiana Secretary of State; he will protect our elections, serve Hoosiers businesses effectively and will be a reliable leader in the office.
However, I’m not stopping at an endorsement.
Anyone that knows me, knows I love the state GOP convention. When Max told me he was running, I told him to “put me in coach!”
I’ve managed or advised 5 convention races, and I’m glad to be a part of this team to get this across the finish line. 🏁
Max’s background in working on election integrity issues in the House of Reps for nearly a decade prepares him well to be our next Secretary of State in Indiana! @MaxForIndiana
From @Jim_Banks on endorsement switch up.
“Diego worked hard and did many good things but he lied to me about hiring a non-citizen as his chief of staff who illegally registered to vote so I withdrew my endorsement and recruited a stronger candidate who can win in November.”
It’s been a privilege to work with Max Engling and to witness his tireless efforts connecting with Hoosiers across the state in support of our shared conservative principles.
I am pleased to see him enter the race for Indiana Secretary of State and proud to give him my endorsement without hesitation.
The Secretary of State’s office is one of the most important statewide elected offices and it is critical for ensuring the integrity of our elections. This is an office Republicans must hold for the future of election security both in Indiana and across the country.
Max Engling is the leader I trust to win, do the job, and to serve Hoosiers well as our next Secretary of State.
.@SenatorBanks continues to deliver results for Indiana.
Since being sworn into the Senate, he has helped secure:
✅ one-star at Crane
✅ Roudebush VA center replacement
✅ USDA hub in Indianapolis
Just getting started!
The Federalist wrote, "Even if Vogt loses, the race is a clear indicator that for local voters, these primary results are not wholly about Trump. If that were the case, the incumbent Trump endorsed solely for her very prominent support for redistricting should have won with a large margin, like most of the other Trump-endorsed state senators have.
Instead, [Liz] Brown got electorally spanked, even if she ekes out a narrow win, by defecting from base voters’ priorities through single-handedly blocking a robust state immigration enforcement bill for a year, blocking a constitutional carry bill, and voting against a bill to protect girls from competing with cross-dressing males in high school sports. It’s clear she’s gotten the message, as she reversed herself on all these issues. In addition, Brown has been a strong pro-life ally for years, which certainly earned her base voters’ loyalty, especially against a competitor her campaign says has used in-vitro fertilization."
@JamesEBriggs Jim Banks vs Mitch Daniels:
Round 1 pre 2024 IN U.S. Senate-Banks won before the R primary.
Round 2 5/05/2026: Banks wins, almost by TKO.
There won't be a Round 3.