Mouhamadou

[Night Sky Now @NightSkyNow]

"Mathematics is the language in which God has written the universe."

-- Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)

[Physics In History @PhysInHistory]

Do you think pursuing a university degree is worthwhile in today's world? ✍️

[Massimo @Rainmaker1973]

Scientists have created one of the most detailed 3D reconstructions of a human cell (eukaryotic cell) ever produced.

This groundbreaking model, often termed a "Cellular Landscape Cross-Section Through a Eukaryotic Cell," combines data from X-ray tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and cryo-electron microscopy to map molecular structures in extreme detail.

[Philosophy Of Physics @PhilosophyOfPhy]

Paul Dirac in a letter to Erwin Schrödinger 1930s.

"The mathematics has a life of its own. When you write down the equations, you are not inventing a language; you are translating a message that is already there. There are times when the symbols on the page seem to guide my hand rather than the other way around. It is a frightening feeling, because you realize that the truth does not care if you understand it or not. It simply exists, cold and perfect, waiting for someone to look."

(📷 Erwin Schrödinger - R, Paul Dirac - L )

[Physics In History @PhysInHistory]

In 1697, Isaac Newton received Jean Bernoulli's 6 month time-limit to solve the problem of the brachistochrone. Newton got the message on 29th Jan and solved the problem the same night before going to bed.

[Massimo @Rainmaker1973]

Orion's Belt

[Physics In History @PhysInHistory]

A brief history of Quantum computers 👇

1905: Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect and suggests that light consists of quantum particles or photons

1924: Max Born uses the term quantum mechanics for the first time

1925: Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan formulate matrix mechanics, the first formulation of quantum mechanics

1925-1927: Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg develop the Copenhagen interpretation, one of the earliest and most common interpretations of quantum mechanics

1930: Paul Dirac publishes The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, a standard textbook on quantum theory

1935: Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen publish a paper highlighting the counterintuitive nature of quantum superposition and arguing that quantum mechanics is incomplete

1935: Erwin Schrödinger develops a thought experiment involving a cat that is simultaneously dead and alive, and coins the term “quantum entanglement”

1944: John von Neumann publishes Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum theory

1957: Hugh Everett proposes the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which suggests that every possible outcome of a quantum measurement actually occurs in a parallel universe

1961: Rolf Landauer shows that erasing a bit of information dissipates a minimum amount of energy, known as Landauer’s principle

1965: John Bell proves that quantum entanglement cannot be explained by any local hidden variable theory, known as Bell’s theorem

1973: Alexander Holevo proves that n qubits cannot carry more than n classical bits of information, known as Holevo’s theorem or Holevo’s bound

1980: Paul Benioff proposes a model of a quantum Turing machine, a theoretical device that can perform any computation using quantum mechanical principles

1981: Richard Feynman suggests that simulating quantum systems would require a new type of computer based on quantum mechanics

1982: David Deutsch generalizes Benioff’s model and proposes the concept of a universal quantum computer

1984: Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard develop a protocol for quantum key distribution, which allows two parties to securely exchange cryptographic keys using quantum states

1985: David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa devise an algorithm that can solve a specific problem faster than any classical algorithm, known as the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm

1991: Artur Ekert proposes another protocol for quantum key distribution based on quantum entanglement, known as the E91 protocol

1992: David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa extend their algorithm to handle multiple inputs, known as the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm

1994: Peter Shor discovers an algorithm that can factor large numbers in polynomial time using a quantum computer, known as Shor’s algorithm

1996: Lov Grover invents an algorithm that can search an unsorted database in square root time using a quantum computer, known as Grover’s algorithm

1997: Isaac Chuang, Neil Gershenfeld, and Mark Kubinec demonstrate the first implementation of Shor’s algorithm using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques

2000: David DiVincenzo proposes five criteria for building a practical quantum computer, known as the DiVincenzo criteria

2001: IBM researchers implement Grover’s algorithm using NMR techniques and achieve a modest speedup over classical algorithms

2007: D-Wave Systems claims to have built the first commercial quantum computer, but its validity is disputed by many experts

2019: Google announces that it has achieved quantum supremacy by performing a calculation on a 53-qubit quantum processor that would take a classical supercomputer thousands of years to complete

2020: IBM demonstrates that its 65-qubit quantum processor can perform calculations beyond the reach of any classical computer

📷 An IBM QC photographed by James Estrin

[Philosophy Of Physics @PhilosophyOfPhy]

Save this video for the day physics makes you feel like you accidentally entered the wrong universe.

Not for motivation. Motivation is too dramatic.

Come back here just to remember one simple thing:

Everyone is ordinary.

Einstein was ordinary before he became “Einstein.”

Feynman was ordinary before people started treating his curiosity like a superpower.

Every physicist you admire was once just a confused human staring at symbols and wondering why the textbook skipped the emotional damage between line 2 and line 3.

Nobody is born understanding tensors.

Nobody comes with built-in quantum intuition.

Nobody wakes up and says,
“Ah, today I shall casually understand Hilbert space.”

They struggled.

They doubted.

They got stuck.

They probably also looked at one equation and thought,
“This is either genius or a personal attack.”

So when you feel behind, don’t immediately conclude that you are not made for physics.

Maybe you are just meeting the same wall everyone meets.

The difference is not that great people were never confused.

The difference is that they stayed with the confusion long enough for it to become clarity.

So come back to this video whenever self-doubt starts acting like a peer reviewer.

You are ordinary.

So were they.

And that is exactly the point.

[The Scientific Lens @LensScientific]

“Truths are easy to understand once they are found; but the point is to know how to find them.”

— Galileo Galilei

[Physics In History @PhysInHistory]

Nikola Tesla on Einstein's theory of relativity. ✍️

I hold that space cannot be curved, for the simple reason that it can have no properties. It might as well be said that God has properties. He has not, but only attributes and these are of our own making. Of properties we can only speak when dealing with matter filling the space. To say that in the presence of large bodies space becomes curved is equivalent to stating that something can act upon nothing. I, for one, refuse to subscribe to such a view.

[Philosophy Of Physics @PhilosophyOfPhy]

J. Robert Oppenheimer in personal letter to a friend (1950s).

"The public sees the medals, the banquets, and the applause. They think it is a grand parade. They do not see the thousands of hours spent staring at a blank wall, the suffocating silence of an office at three in the morning, or the terrible fear that you have wasted your entire life chasing a shadow that doesn't exist. The true life of a physicist is lived in absolute, terrifying solitude."

[Philosophy Of Physics @PhilosophyOfPhy]

Newton gave the law of gravity, but he did not give its deep mechanism. In the Principia, he admitted he had not deduced the reason for gravity’s properties and said,

“I do not feign hypotheses.”

Einstein’s move was not just improving Newton. He changed the concept as gravity was not a mysterious force pulling through space; gravity was the geometry of spacetime itself.

[Physics In History @PhysInHistory]

A good scientist is a person with original ideas. A good engineer is a person who makes a design that works with as few original ideas as possible. There are no prima donnas in engineering."

- Freeman Dyson