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personalized medicine, and health-care delivery. Internet of Things (IoT) wearables, such as smartwatches, rings, and armbands as well as self-tracking tools that capture data on emotion, calorie consumption, and physical activity, supply a continuous stream of data for real-time updating of digital twins Keywords artificial intelligence, health digital twins, drug discovery, precision medicine, personalized medicine, precision public health Key concepts of health digital twins. (a) Bidirectional mapping. Digital twins are not a mere unidirectional map, digital shadow, or simulation model of a physical, real-world entity in the digital domain. Digital twins can effectively become a dynamic (closed loop) virtual representation or mirror of their physical twins; that is, they can influence, and be influenced by, the physical entities they represent. In a digital thread, a digital twin's data create a pipeline over time, for example, from a person's or cell's birth to death, or from 2010 to 2030 for a given population, enabling tracing and tracking, asking of questions, and the discovery of useful relations between various data over time. (b) Digital twin types include the whole human body, a body system or body function, a single organ, a cellular or subcellular organelle, a molecule, a specific disease or disorder (represented under one of the previous types), or other organisms such as a virus (interacting with one of the previous types). Health-care organizations can also have corresponding digital twins of organizations to better monitor and optimize their running. Similarly, we can have digital twins of medical devices, for example, an MRI scanner. Digital twin aggregates are collections of digital twin instances belonging to different individuals, for example, data sets covering one family, population group, or whole population. (c) Identical copies of a digital twin, all belonging to the same individual, can be used for in silico testing and comparisons of various treatment options to answer individual-specific questions such as which treatment or intervention will be most successful in a given condition. https://t.co/P01drQ9JwD Links bellow ⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️