In the 1960s, a direct flight to Neptune would have taken nearly 30 years. That was longer than most spacecraft could survive. Reaching the outer planets seemed almost impossible.
But one engineer, working quietly with a pencil, found a way around this problem.
Gary Flandro, a scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was asked to study how spacecraft might travel to the distant planets despite the limits of rocket technology at the time. Fuel was scarce, and engines were not powerful enough for such long journeys.
Flandro turned to a clever idea from physics called a gravity assist, sometimes known as a planetary slingshot. The concept is simple in principle. When a spacecraft passes close to a large planet, the planet’s gravity pulls it in and then flings it forward. In doing so, the spacecraft steals a tiny bit of the planet’s motion around the Sun. The planet slows down by an amount too small to notice, but the spacecraft gains a huge increase in speed without using any fuel.
With only paper, pencil, and the limited computers of 1965, Flandro calculated the future positions of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. What he found was remarkable. In the late 1970s, these giant planets would line up in a rare formation. This alignment would allow a single spacecraft to travel from one planet to the next, gaining speed at each step.
This opportunity appears only once every 176 years.
Flandro showed that a spacecraft could use Jupiter’s gravity to reach Saturn, then use Saturn to reach Uranus, and finally use Uranus to reach Neptune. This chain of boosts would cut the travel time to Neptune from about 30 years down to just 12.
This elegant piece of mathematics changed everything.
It became the foundation for the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 missions, both launched in 1977. Thanks to this precise planning, the two spacecraft sent back the first close images of the outer planets. They later continued their journey beyond the solar system, becoming the first human-made objects to enter interstellar space.
All of it began with a simple insight, worked out by hand, that turned an impossible journey into a reachable one.
We worked 16–18 hour shifts producing the first versions of the Falcon 9 thrusters.
To this day, it is still the hardest manufacturing assignment I have ever been asked to run.
We ran the first prototype thrusters in South Bend, IN. I still remember source inspectors coming on-site, finding the smallest cosmetic blemish, and denying payment on the entire product run.
That kind of pressure is what most people never see.
SpaceX did not become what they are today by luck or hype. They became it through manufacturing hardship, brutal design iterations, tight tolerances, failed attempts, rework, and people on the shop floor grinding through problems most will never hear about.
SpaceX is not just an engineering success story.
It is a manufacturing success story.
A true innovative masterpiece built through pressure, persistence, and relentless improvement ( late night calls with the engineering team )
I attest to their achievements.
Good job @SpaceX
@stphnmaher@mfproudman@markmulroney You answered the question already. There are no recorded deaths. There is no data.
The World Health Organization collects real data on death rates. Has there been any changes? Has anyone looked?
Of course not.
Waiting to board our flight in Washington and there are 3 Scotland fans in kilts walking past. An American lady says" I love your skirts"
"They're nae skirts lassie they're kilts , We're Scots not Trannies" I genuinely Lol #tartanarmy#fifaworldcup@jk_rowling
@stephenfgordon It has nothing to do with farms or grocery stores.
He's stealing Avi Lewis's thunder so he doesn't lose votes on the left.
He knows it's stupid, and he doesn't care. Not his money.
@BrockWarkentin@sarobertson_ I'm continually astonished at how a PM can make these types of seminal changes without even discussion in the House.
Not even the pretense of democracy.
@JudyMaxB@BCSupremeCourt Its the Gitskan Hereditary Chiefs' office in Smithers. Those arseholes are unelected, and were the main driver of the violent protests against the gas line when it went through.
This is all about establishing a (fictional) presence so they can block the oil pipeline.
My great grandmother in 1950 escaped Syria with travel ban that was placed on Jews til 1993.
On her journey with her grandchildren to get to Israel, she stopped in Beirut.
Some thugs caught her, decapitated her and murdered the children.
We will not be defenseless Jews anymore
I wonder why @elonmusk, who is Canadian, decided not to build his civilization-changing, historic-levels-of-wealth-creating companies in Canada?
It will remain a mystery.
@katewerk It's not about the food.
They know what Avi Lewis will do to their seat count if his 'People's Grocery Stores' lunacy takes 5-10% of votes away.
So they gotta out-stupid the NDP on food, which is challenging but achievable, given the voting block.
Calgary…please remember to only water your moose on your scheduled day, during approved hours…& never on Mondays.
We’re all in this together.
Don’t be greedy, @mooseincrisis.
I will believe that a Canadian politican or a Canadian pundit is serious about how monopolies make food prices higher than they should be the minute they start pointing their fingers at the Dairy Cartel as the absolute worst example.