Juan Fernández

[In Virtute Sanguinis @InPatriaVeritas]

Si una persona conoce este vídeo inevitablemente tengo que haberle conocido.

Definitivamente Fel Blan es alguien al quien he estrechado la mano.

[Promakos @PROMAKOS_]

El partido-cártel. ¿Es esta democracia un negocio?

El 19 de noviembre de 2018 se filtró el mensaje que Ignacio Cosidó, portavoz del PP en el Senado, había enviado al centenar largo de senadores de su grupo para defender el pacto judicial recién cerrado con el PSOE. La operación permitía seguir «controlando la Sala Segunda desde detrás», la sala del Supremo que juzga a los aforados. Manuel Marchena renunció al día siguiente, el pacto saltó por los aires y el Consejo General del Poder Judicial, con el mandato caducado desde el 4 de diciembre de aquel año, quedó bloqueado cinco años y medio, hasta el acuerdo firmado en Bruselas el 25 de junio de 2024 con un comisario europeo de mediador y diez vocales para cada parte.

Hay una teoría con nombre para todo esto: el partido cartel, formulada por Richard S. Katz y Peter Mair en 1995 en la revista 'Party Politics'. Sostiene que los grandes partidos de gobierno en las democracias occidentales, financiados por el Estado y replegados en sus instituciones, dejan de competir por representar a la sociedad y pasan a repartirse los recursos públicos, de manera que la competición se vuelve ritual y las diferencias se refugian donde no hay poder en juego, compitiendo únicamente por el control de las redes clientelares. No obstante, Ruud Koole objetó en la misma revista que confundían colusión ocasional con sistema, y España es el mejor contraargumento a esa objeción, pues aquí la colusión es sistemática. En noviembre de 2021 los dos grandes partidos se repartieron en un solo pacto cuatro magistrados del Constitucional, doce consejeros del Tribunal de Cuentas, el Defensor del Pueblo y la Agencia de Protección de Datos. Dahlström y Lapuente han medido el sustrato y en España, con cada cambio de gobierno, cambian de manos miles de puestos de libre designación.

La respuesta asumo que será que las votaciones cuentan otra cosa, con leyes enteras aprobadas y recurridas una tras otra. Pues bien, miremos qué resiste de cada confrontación. En 2021 la Mesa del Congreso, con los votos del PSOE, se negó a tramitar una amnistía que los letrados de la Cámara declararon en contradicción «palmaria y evidente» con la Constitución; en junio de 2024, con la investidura dependiendo de siete escaños, la amnistía era ley. El PP ganó en 2011 con 186 diputados, la mayoría absoluta más amplia de su historia, y ni tocó el matrimonio homosexual, pues se limitó a esperar la sentencia sobre su propio recurso, ni sostuvo la contrarreforma del aborto, retirada en septiembre de 2014 con la dimisión del ministro incluida. La «derogación» de la reforma laboral de 2012 mantuvo intactos los 33 días de despido y llegó a convalidarse en 2022 por 175 votos contra 174, con el voto telemático erróneo de un diputado del PP decidiendo la ley.

Cuando hubo dinero de verdad en juego se cayó la forma sola. En agosto de 2011, con la prima de riesgo disparada, Zapatero propuso reformar la Constitución, Rajoy la aceptó aquel mismo día y en treinta y cinco días la segunda reforma constitucional en treinta y tres años estaba en el BOE, sin referéndum, "a lo zorro". El incentivo de la política española vive en esa asimetría, donde la ley de bandera se disputa a gritos porque diferencia el producto y la red que da de comer se renueva por cuotas. Lo que ninguna mayoría absoluta de ningún color ha reformado jamás es la libre designación de la administración ni la financiación de los propios partidos, pública en su mayor parte según fiscaliza año tras año el Tribunal de Cuentas.
El diagnóstico general lo dejó escrito Peter Mair en su libro póstumo, 'Ruling the Void': los partidos han dejado de mediar entre la sociedad y el Estado para replegarse a las instituciones que administran. Su primera frase: 'The age of party democracy has passed', la edad de la democracia de partidos ha pasado.

Bibliografía recomendada en los comentarios.

[Thomas Massie @RepThomasMassie]

Don’t fall for the fake Fox/GOP outrage. Two weeks ago the House passed a bill that greenlighted the transfer of Spanish territory to Morocco. Every Republican except me voted for it, but now THEY are acting shocked at the invasion.
https://t.co/a7ROEAtoOD
https://t.co/886sJycfeL

[MEDCRUX @medcrux]

Dental Calculus

1. Dental calculus (tartar) is mineralized dental plaque that forms when bacterial plaque becomes hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate salts from saliva or gingival crevicular fluid.

2. It is classified into supragingival calculus, which forms above the gingival margin and appears yellowish-white, and subgingival calculus, which forms below the gingiva and is typically dark brown or black.

3. Common sites include the lingual surfaces of the mandibular incisors and the buccal surfaces of the maxillary molars, where salivary gland ducts open.

4. Although calculus itself does not directly cause periodontal disease, its rough surface promotes continued plaque accumulation, leading to gingivitis and periodontitis.

5. Patients may present with bleeding gums, halitosis, gingival inflammation, gum recession, and periodontal pocket formation if left untreated.

6. Calculus cannot be removed by toothbrushing alone and requires professional scaling and root planing, along with good oral hygiene to prevent recurrence.

7. Regular brushing, flossing, use of interdental cleaning aids, and routine dental check-ups are the most effective ways to reduce plaque buildup and minimize calculus formation.

[Clint Warren-Davey @Clint_Davey1]

The Spanish Empire tended to avoid the word "colony".

The territories that were claimed by the conquistadors were mostly organised as viceroyalties, e.g. the Viceroyalty of New Spain or the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Each one was ruled by viceroy who served on behalf of the king directly.

So these territories were, in a strictly legal sense, part of the Kingdom of Spain and not separate colonies.

This meant that the native inhabitants were subjects of the king with the same rights as people in Spain itself.

Did this mean they were treated well?

Often not. The encomienda system could be quite cruel.

But the legal basis for equal rights was there.

The Spanish Empire also had a very high rate of intermarriage with the indigenous populations - as seen in the demographics of Hispano-America today.

[Juan Sánchez @JSanchezTorron]

Las colonias británicas de Ultramar también rompieron con la legitimidad vigente para rebelarse contra el Parlamento.

El Tercer Estado también rompió con la legitimidad vigente para constituirse en Asamblea Nacional.

Los bolcheviques hicieron lo propio para asaltar el Palacio de Invierno y tomar el poder.

Creen que cuando invocan al "Gobierno legítimo" están haciendo un conjuro que explica las relaciones de poder y los conflictos políticos, y cierra la cuestión.

[Emistóteles @Emmmailio]

@isaacrrr7 Y se lleva el guantazo el niño esque tocate los cojones.
No hay propaganda suficiente en lo que me queda de vida para que acepte a esta escoria en mi sociedad

[Martín Ynestrillas 🟥⬛️🟥 @Mynestrillas]

Eres un miserable. En primer lugar el acuerdo lo han fijado por ti en Uropa, porque tú eres un mierda que no pintas nada. En segundo lugar le habéis dado carta de naturaleza al gobernador pirata de la plaza, como si fuera interlocutor válido. Algo que España jamás había aceptado durante los tres siglos que dura la usurpación pirata hasta que llegásteis vosotros.

Y en tercer lugar, miserable, habéis aceptado subsidiariamente un acuerdo que sustituye al tratado de Utrech y a las múltiples resoluciones internacionales de la ONU favorables a España y las habéis sustituido por un tratado que rinde definitivamente nuestra soberanía, consolida las usurpaciones posteriores como el istmo, el aeropuerto, el puerto o las supuestas aguas territoriales y consolida esa fuente de piratería sacándola de los paraísos fiscales, convirtiendo a los piratas en vecinos, facilitando de facto la conolización del campo de Gibraltar y confiriendo estatus de uropeos a quienes decidieron abandonar Uropa y con razón. En definitiva. Los ingleses nos han meado encima y vosotros habéis abierto la boca y tragado sus deposiciones

[La Canarienne 🇪🇦 @LaMarcelarienne]

Hegel y D. Negro coinciden en que un pueblo no se mantiene unido por leyes, sino por un espíritu compartido. Cuando las instituciones pierden ese vínculo con la realidad, la legislación es letra muerta. Esto creo q le vendría bien saberlo a cierta izquierda que se dice verdadera.

[Will Tanner @Will_Tanner_1]

Once again, "incompetence" meaning that a thug is unable to know that abducting and murdering a little boy is wrong should be an aggravating factor here, not a get out of jail free card

If you are too dumb to know that is wrong, you are an unfixable menace to society, and so both prudence and justice dictate that you should hang

[Alex Günsberg @alex_gunsberg]

🇪🇺 EU deliberately floods Europe with mass immigration from Islamic countries — where Pew data shows 75-97% reject homosexuality as immoral — while ramming aggressive LGBTIQ+ ideology down everyone’s throat.

This engineered contradiction is the perfect pretext for a totalitarian statist dictatorship to ‘protect’ the people through force, surveillance and control.

That is the intentional foundation of the EU.

[Juan Fernández @jangelfmera]

@pierpi13 https://t.co/jMYq1GozyZ

[Promakos @PROMAKOS_]

Hay tres cosas que matizar aquí.

Primero, la etimología está al revés. Garderobe no se convirtió después en la palabra francesa para armario, era armario antes que retrete. Viene del antiguo francés garde-robes, guardarropa literalmente, atestiguado desde finales del siglo XIII con el sentido de cámara para guardar ropa y objetos de valor. Su aplicación al retrete es una extensión por contigüidad funcional (el retrete estaba en o junto al cuarto donde se guardaba la ropa) y aparece en el siglo XIV. El Oxford English Dictionary lo registra explícitamente en ese orden. Chaucer lo usa como retrete, pero la acepción de cámara guardarropa es anterior y coexistió siempre.

Segundo, lo del amoniaco como insecticida natural y los nobles colgando abrigos de piel en el pozo del retrete es mito divulgativo sin apoyo arqueológico real. La referencia circula en libros de divulgación popular y páginas turísticas como muchos de los grandes mitos de la Edad Media pero no aparece documentada en fuentes primarias medievales ni en arqueología. Es literatura romántica de hostelería histórica.

Tercero, Peveril no está al borde de un acantilado ni los desechos caían al vacío, está sobre una colina calcárea y el garderobe proyecta por un conducto lateral al muro que desagua sobre la ladera.

Y el detalle final sobre los conos de pino romanos es otro mito. Los romanos usaban el tersorium, una esponja atada a un palo mojada en agua con vinagre o sal, que es además posible que no se usase para limpiarse el ojete sino el retrete, usándose para lo primero directamente agua corriente.

[Ihtesham Ali @ihteshamali]

A Stanford neuroscientist published a paper a few years ago that quietly answered one of the oldest questions in human history, and almost nobody outside his field has heard of it.

The question is why we dream. Not what dreams mean. Why they exist at all. Why your brain spends a third of its sleep hallucinating images instead of just resting like every other organ in your body.

His name is David Eagleman.

He runs a lab at Stanford. The paper is called "The Defensive Activation Theory", and the moment you read it the explanation collapses every other theory you have ever been taught about dreams.

Freud said dreams were repressed desires. He was guessing. He had no brain scans. He had no electrodes. He had a couch and a notebook and a century of credibility that nobody has been able to fully scrub off the subject since.

Modern neuroscience replaced him with the memory "consolidation theory". The idea that dreams are your brain sorting through the day, filing things away, deciding what to keep. That story is partially true. Sleep does consolidate memory. But it does not explain the single strangest thing about dreams, which is that they are almost entirely visual.

You do not dream in pure sound. You do not dream in taste. You do not dream in smell. You dream in pictures. Vivid, detailed, often impossible pictures that activate the back of your brain so hard a scientist scanning you would think your eyes were wide open.

Eagleman started from one fact almost nobody outside neuroscience knows. The brain is territorial. Every region holds its turf through constant electrical activity. The moment a region goes quiet, its neighbors start invading. They take the silent territory and reassign it to themselves.

This is called "cortical takeover", and it is not slow. It is not a long process measured in years. In experiments where adults are blindfolded, the visual cortex starts processing touch and sound within an hour. One hour of darkness, and the territory is already being annexed.

In congenitally blind people, the visual cortex is fully repurposed. It runs language. It runs hearing. It runs touch. The hardware never went unused. It was just reassigned to whoever showed up first.

Now sit with the implication of that for a second.

Every night, when you close your eyes and fall asleep, the sun has set. The planet has rotated. The visual cortex, which takes up roughly a third of your entire cortex, is suddenly receiving zero input. For eight hours. Every single night. For your entire life. And evolution has shaped your brain inside a planet that has been spinning into darkness for billions of years.

If cortical takeover happens in an hour, the visual cortex should have been lost a long time ago. Stolen by hearing. Stolen by touch. Reassigned by morning. Humans should have evolved into a species whose vision works fine during the day and then degrades every time the sun goes down because the territory keeps getting renegotiated overnight.

But that did not happen. Vision works the moment you open your eyes. Which means something is defending the territory while you sleep.

Eagleman's claim is that dreams are that defense.

Every 90 minutes through the night, a precise burst of activity fires from the brainstem into the visual cortex. Pontine-geniculate-occipital waves. PGO for short. They are anatomically aimed. They are not general arousal.

They are a targeted volley of signal launched directly at the back of the brain where vision lives. The cortex lights up as if it is receiving real images, and you experience that artificial activation as a dream. The bizarre narrative your conscious mind invents around it later is just your brain trying to make sense of the noise.

The dream is not the point. The dream is the side effect. The point is keeping the territory occupied.

The evidence for this is the part that should haunt you.

Newborns spend roughly 50% of their sleep in REM. Adults spend twenty. Old adults spend fifteen. The amount of dreaming you do tracks almost perfectly with how plastic your brain is. Newborns have the most plastic brains on earth. Their visual cortex is in the highest danger of being overrun by neighboring senses while it develops.

So evolution gave them an enormous defense budget. As you age, your brain becomes less plastic, the takeover risk drops, and the defense system scales down accordingly.

Eagleman and his co-author ran the same correlation across twenty-five primate species. The more plastic a species' brain, the higher the proportion of REM sleep. The relationship held across the entire primate family tree. Plasticity and dreaming move together. They are two halves of the same evolutionary equation.

A species that ranks higher on flexibility and learning also dreams more. A species that is born ready to walk and survive dreams less. Plasticity is the asset. Dreaming is the insurance premium.

And the prediction the theory makes is the one that quietly closes the case.

Of all your senses, only one is disadvantaged by darkness. You can still hear in the dark. You can still feel in the dark. You can still smelll and taste in the dark. The only sense that depends on light is vision. Which is exactly the sense your dreams are made of. The defense system is targeted at the only territory that is actually vulnerable while you sleep.

Memory consolidation is real. Emotional processing is real. Your brain does do those things at night. But Eagleman's argument is that those functions piggyback on a much older system whose original job was simpler and more brutal. Keep the lights on inside the visual cortex while the planet is dark, or lose it.

For thousands of years, people have asked what dreams mean. Prophets wrote about them. Poets wrote about them. Freud built a discipline on them. None of them had access to the actual answer, which is that dreams may not mean anything in the symbolic sense at all.

They may be the visible flicker of a defense system running in the background, the way a screen saver protects a monitor by keeping the pixels moving even when nobody is looking.

The strangest thing about the theory is how cleanly it explains why dreams feel so real. Your visual cortex cannot tell the difference between a PGO wave and an actual photon. It is the same hardware lighting up the same way. The cortex does its job. It builds an image. Your conscious mind, half-awake, wraps a story around it and calls it a dream.

You are not seeing your subconscious tonight. You are watching your brain defend a piece of itself from being stolen.

Every animal that has ever closed its eyes on this planet has done the same thing.

[Joruno @wsl8297]

Windows 自带的任务管理器，日常结束卡死进程还凑合；但一遇到更深层的排障需求——比如线程死锁、被占用的文件句柄——就明显不够看了。

我在 GitHub 挖到一个开源利器：TaskExplorer。一款偏“专业级”的任务管理工具，不止看占用，更能把应用内部在做什么摊开给你看。

它主打高效的单窗口布局：点选进程，底部立刻呈现线程堆栈、内存编辑、文件句柄、网络 Socket 等关键细节，一屏把信息讲透。
实时刷新也很到位：磁盘读写位置、网络连接速率一目了然，甚至支持直接卸载或注入 DLL 模块。

GitHub：https://t.co/0ocoQJaLPY

项目基于 Qt 开发，底层用到 SystemInformer 的驱动技术；目前支持 Windows 7 及以上，后续还有移植 Linux 的计划。

如果你经常做系统级监控、性能定位、故障排查，这类工具会比传统任务管理器顺手得多。

[Guillermo Casaus @_guillecasaus]

Tu ordenador con Windows viene lleno de apps que nunca pediste.

Han creado un script que elimina software preinstalado, anuncios y todo lo que sobra en Windows con un solo comando.

Es gratis, open-source y funciona en Windows 10 y 11.

Aquí te explico cómo funciona 👇

[🏛 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 🏛 @nonregemesse]

‘Before the mid-eighth century, the Latin west casually accepted what we call Byzantium as the empire of the Romans, or the res publica Romana.

This changed during the second half of the eighth century, when the popes pivoted and sought to replace the patronage of Constantinople with that of the Franks. At this point, the term Graeci began to displace Romani in western references to the eastern empire.

This intensified when some Frankish kings began, if at first only sporadically and uncertainly, to claim for themselves the title of emperor of the Romans.

[…]As papal and imperial German ambitions began to draw more heavily on Rome’s
prestige, hegemonic apparatus, and language of power, they saw eastern claims to them as an obstacle. Above and beyond their mutual rivalry, the popes and German emperors had a common interest to exclude Constantinople’s claims to the Roman tradition.

Thus, the easterners were increasingly reclassified as Graeci, a term that in ancient Latin literature conveyed negative connotations that were now reactivated. To avoid calling the emperor of the Romans by his true title, western authors invented a number of alternatives, such as emperor of the Greeks and emperor of Constantinople.

Those would remain the dominant terms
in the west until the nineteenth century, at which point they were replaced by Byzantium.’

- Anthony Kaldellis, ‘Romanland’

[Alexander G. Rubio @AlexanderGRubi2]

It says something about how fundamentally the West changed the World, down to the neurons in the heads of people across the planet, that they're unable to even imagine their own culture as anything else than the West with a superficial coat of paint. And that's what really stings

[Anish Moonka @anishmoonka]

Harvard scientists ran a simple test. They put adults under blue light for 6 hours one night, then under green light at the same brightness the next. Blue light pushed their bedtimes back by 3 hours. Green pushed them back by 1.5. And in kids, the same lights hit about twice as hard.

The reason comes down to a tiny patch of cells at the back of every human eye. These cells have one job. They tell your brain whether it is day or night. They wake up most when light hits a very specific shade of blue, the same shade phone screens and modern bulbs are loaded with. When those cells fire after dark, the brain stops making melatonin, the chemical that pulls you toward sleep.

Red light barely sets off those cells at all. A 2025 study from the University of Zaragoza put people under red lamps and blue lamps for three hours at night. Under blue, their melatonin stayed scraped to the floor. Under red, it climbed back up to more than three times higher. Same brightness. The color did all the work.

Children get this worse than adults. Two reasons. Their pupils are bigger, so more light gets in. And the lens inside a kid's eye is still glass-clear, where adult lenses slowly yellow with age and filter blue out naturally. A 10-year-old's body clock is roughly twice as sensitive to evening light as a 45-year-old's. A bedside lamp that feels harmless to a parent can be wrecking a kid's sleep clock at the same time.

Then there is the lag. Once the brain catches a dose of blue light, the wake-up signal it sends out keeps echoing for 3 to 4 hours after the lights go off. So a kid on an iPad at 9pm can still be wired at midnight even if you took the iPad away at 9:01.

Modern LED bulbs and screens are tuned to roughly 6500 Kelvin. That is sunlight at noon. Old incandescent bulbs sit around 2700, mostly red and yellow with almost nothing in the blue range. To a human eye, a red-lit room is just about as close to no light at all as you can get. The brain reads it as nighttime.

The fix is boring. Use warm bulbs at 2700 Kelvin or lower in any room a kid spends evenings in, switch off phones and tablets two hours before bed, and if a night light is needed for bathroom trips, make it red or amber. The science was pinned down to the exact color of light back in 2001.

[Matihuelo ❤️🐖 @matihuelus]

@Jagospierre @zigoraldama Historiadores "rojos" haciendo historia liberal desde el relativismo cultural en lugar de historia materialista al modo marxista.

[marie @MarieBensimon]

Pedro se viene arriba con su postura anti Israel y EE. UU., y entre ciertos medios con línea editorial marcada y los ejércitos de bots pro-islamistas, pro-mollahs y pro-Hamas le montan una burbuja de aplausos que parece clamor internacional.
Pero poco a poco llegan los propios nuevos amigos con la factura, "eh, amigo, que tú también tienes lo tuyo, que eres colono de Ceuta y Melilla".
Cada uno elige su bando, luego que no se sorprenda con el club de fans 😀