However, it is important to note that the situation is complex, and there are also many factors that support the health and independence of the media in Japan.
These factors have contributed to Japan's low ranking in press freedom, and there have been calls for greater media independence and freedom of expression in the country.
Lack of diversity: The media landscape in Japan is relatively homogeneous, with a limited number of major media companies dominating the market. This can limit the diversity of viewpoints and perspectives in the media.
This can create a chilling effect on the media, as journalists and media organizations may avoid reporting on controversial issues for fear of facing legal action.
Self-restriction: The Japanese media has a tradition of self-restriction, known as "shinbun kyojō," which involves avoiding sensitive topics that could harm public order or national unity. This has limited the media's ability to report on controversial issues.
Relationships with government and business: Japanese media companies have close relationships with the government and business, and this often affects their reporting.
Single-party dominance: The ruling Liberal Democratic Party has been in power for much of the post-war period, leading to a perception among some voters that elections are a foregone conclusion.