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A stack canary is a random value placed between the stack buffer and return address so the program can detect an overflow before the return address is used. The canary value can be brute forced.
Stack canary brute forcing depends on three conditions.
1. The target has a sequential buffer overflow.
2. A bad canary value causes the child process to crash and close the socket.
3. After the crash, the next child process uses the same canary and same ASLR layout.
That third condition usually comes from fork(2).
The parent process keeps running. Each child inherits the parent's address space, including the stack canary and randomized memory layout. If a child crashes, the parent forks another child with the same values.
So the attacker can test the canary byte-by-byte.
Stack layout:
buffer
canary
saved rbp
return address
The payload first overflows only up to the first canary byte:
padding + guess_byte_0
If guess_byte_0 is wrong, the stack check fails, __stack_chk_fail() runs, the child aborts, and the socket closes.
If guess_byte_0 is correct, the function continues, and the socket stays open.
That gives a one-bit signal:
crash = wrong guess
socket open = correct guess
Once byte 0 is known, the attacker keeps it fixed and guesses byte 1:
padding + known_byte_0 + guess_byte_1
Repeat for each byte:
padding + known_prefix + guess_next_byte
Because the canary is reused across forked children, every crash gives another attempt against the same value.
After recovering the full canary, the exploit includes it unchanged in the final overflow:
padding + full_canary + saved_rbp + controlled_return_address
The stack check passes because the canary value is correct.
Then execution reaches the overwritten return address.
MIT 6.858.
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