Violet

Paddenoversteek hulp 🐸 | bioloog & redacteur | 💚 bomen, empathie & twijfelen over je meningen

[Violet @mindthegreen]

Echt verduurzamen is niet glamourous, en architecten doen er dus niet aan
Duurzame architectuur blijft hangen in retoriek via @nrc

Echt duurzaam? Het Pantheon https://t.co/ctTc1bNnzb

[The Cultural Tutor @culturaltutor]

We're so used to seeing and hearing about the pyramids that it's easy to forget how strange and extraordinary they really are.

So, just to remind you:

When woolly mammoths went extinct the Pyramids of Giza were already more than 500 years old.

Cleopatra and Julius Caesar are closer in time to the present day — to the Burj Khalifa — than to the construction of the Pyramids of Giza.

Where are they and who built them?

There are three pyramids on the Giza Plateau, which is on the west bank of the River Nile, in northern Egypt. They aren't far from Memphis, which was the capital of Ancient Egypt when they were constructed.

The largest and oldest was built in less than thirty years around 2570 BC for the Pharaoh Khufu. The second was built for Khufu's son, Khafre, and is only a few metres shorter. The third and smallest was then built for Menkaure, Khafre's son. Three monumental tombs for three generations of the same family.

Nearby are many more tombs for various members of the royal court, the Sphinx, several more temples, and the remains of a sort of workers' town including houses, workshops, bakeries, kitchens, breweries, a hospital, and a necropolis.

Khufu's Pyramid, known as the Great Pyramid, was the tallest building in the world for over 3,800 years — that is, until the spire of Lincoln Cathedral in England was constructed in 1311.

And at more than 6 million tonnes it was the heaviest manmade structure ever built, and is still third behind only the Great Wall of China and the Three Gorges Dam.

The mortar used in constructing the Great Pyramid alone weighs over half a million tons, which is more than the total weight of the Burj Khalifa.

See, the Great Pyramid is almost entirely solid — there are only a few narrow shafts and three small chambers inside. It was largely built from huge blocks of local Giza limestone, although its exterior was once covered in polished white limestone transported there from nearby Tura, and its interior includes blocks of granite weighing up to 80 tonnes transported from Aswan, over 500 miles away.

The *precision* of the pyramids is also remarkable. On a technical level their masonry is astonishingly accurate, but even more amazing is that the four sides of the Great Pyramid are all almost exactly the same length — they have a variation of no more than 60 millimetres.

Not to forget that all three pyramids are aligned according to the points of the compass — within one tenth of a degree of perfect geographical accuracy.

And if these facts weren't impressive enough, the actual construction of the pyramids — the specifics of how the blocks were quarried, transported, and lifted into place — remains a marvel we have yet to fully understand.

But those are merely the facts of the Pyramids of Giza; perhaps more interesting is what they really mean.

After all, you can learn a lot about any society from its architecture. What we say about ourselves can rarely be trusted — but what we do and what we leave behind is always truthful. In other words, that which we build expresses our priorities, how our society works, and who has the most power.

Think of it this way: what are the biggest buildings in the modern world?

By volume it is factories (the Boeing Everett Factory is number one right now) and distribution centres.

By total floor space it is airports and malls.

By height it is mixed-used skyscrapers, though they are usually dominated by offices, especially relating to finance. The Pentagon was the world's largest office building until this year; it has been overtaken by the Surat Diamond Bourse in India.

By capacity? Well, there are sports stadiums, the biggest of which is the Narendra Modi Stadium in India, with an official capacity of 132,000. That being said, no single complex can hold a greater number of people than the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, which has a capacity of 4 million.

So the largest buildings in the 21st century are almost all related to industry, finance, retail, transport, and leisure — with religious worship something of an outlier. This is a technologically advanced, industrial, highly consumerist society in which businesses hold a great deal of power, and in which the wants and demands of the public are very important.

For comparison, during the Middle Ages nothing came remotely close to cathedrals in size or complexity, though castles and fortresses were also far bigger than everything else. We can draw the basic conclusion that religion was of immense and central importance, that the church as an institution was very wealthy, and that power was actually spread out among the hereditary nobility rather than being entirely concentrated in the monarch alone, not to mention the political and spiritual power also held by the church.

So, what about the Pyramids?

The Ancient Greek historian Herodotus remarked that the Pyramids of Giza were proof of how tyrannical a ruler Khufu — or Cheops, as the Greeks called him — must have been. In his native Greece the largest buildings were temples for public worship; the Great Pyramid was a monument to but one man alone, and this shocked Herodotus.

The biggest buildings of the 21st century are all useful. They have a clear and immediate purpose, and usually one which benefits — in some sense — lots of people. A factory produces things we all use, a distribution centre organises our online shopping, an office is a place of work, and a stadium is where we go for entertainment. Our largest buildings are intimately and inseparably related to employment and consumption.

What about the Pyramids? They were tombs for the Pharaohs and they were supposed to last forever. In other words, they had no immediate use or purpose, at least for the living. They served only one person: the Pharaoh — plus his family and closest supporters, though they were buried nearby rather than inside — in his journey through the Afterlife.

So this is not the same as a large and lavish royal or presidential palace; such buildings are designed to be used as a seat of power and administration — by several succeeding generations or leaders.

Meanwhile, all the resources and labour that went into building the Pyramids, which were literally manmade mountains, were for the benefit of one Pharaoh alone, after his life had ended — and, to a lesser extent, those lucky enough to have been buried nearby at the time.

Does that mean Khufu and his descendants were tyrants? In some sense, yes. But there is evidence that those who built the Pyramids were not, as Herodotus thought, slaves, and were instead closer to conscripted workers and freely employed craftsmen who were fairly remunerated for their labour.

See, it wasn't just that Khufu held total political power; he was also the spiritual leader of his subjects, such that their work was fundamentally religious in nature — it might have even helped them achieve a better afterlife.

There was nobody who could refuse Khufu's desire to build the largest tomb in human history, because he was a divinely appointed intermediary between gods and humans; no regulation to stop him, because his will was the law; no limits to his expenditure, because he collected the taxes and owned all the land in the kingdom.

However powerful the world's richest and most influential people might now seem, none of it compares to the power wielded by Pharaohs like Khufu; a power that was political, financial, legal, military, and spiritual — absolute.

And so the Pyramids are a glimpse into a society fundamentally and almost irreconcilably different from that in which we now live, to the earliest epochs of human civilisation, long before democracy and the rule of law, when one man could rule as a god and have mountains built to serve as his personal, eternal monument on earth.

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@nrc Oplossing: neem kinderen! Dat legt het wel aan banden. Deze titel is niet van toepassing voor half Nederland dat zorgt. Los daarvan leuk om te lezen over de verslavende elementen in series

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@AnnaDekker @OostraDj Onbegrijpelijk hè hoe scheef dat is. Het dierenleed is allemaal zogenaamd te ver van het bed. Terwijl de dieren ook nog eens slim zijn. Wel huilen mensen om hun huisdieren

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@AnnaDekker Eigenlijk kunnen we de hele dag huilen hierom. Het is net als dat je onze baby’tjes en peutertjes gaat slaan in een hok. Goed dat deze misstanden aan het licht komen.

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@rioghbhardain YSL

[Violet @mindthegreen]

The hype with illustrations nowadays: simple and robotic. No hand drawing apparently, no spectacular fonts. For example take a look at YSL since 2012 🤦‍♀️ how to change something flamboyant into something mundane

[Ian @rioghbhardain]

Name a bigger downgrade:

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@arjandenboer Vond ze al leuk maar nog geen groen gezien! Hopelijk binnenkort overal 💚

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@_kellyjahn Too late I see, great that you’re researching this

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@vanranstmarc Ik vind het toch wel goed. Je moet denken aan de lange termijn van 1000+ jaren. Engels eet andere talen op. Geldt ook voor Nederlandse universiteiten

[Violet @mindthegreen]

Als dit hondenvlees was dan was iedereen wel in rep en roer. Nee hoor: lekker met je hond wandelen en een burger eten toch, wie heeft empathie nodig voor andere dieren - Vrachtwagen verliest 10 ton slachtafval op A67, snelweg uren afgesloten /via @NOS https://t.co/TYS1mgPD6r

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@RsorayaK Haha ja ik ben ergens halverwege gestrand dat wel. En ben te weinig op Twitter duidelijk ;)

[Violet @mindthegreen]

Lees vooral de comments. Oef ! Harry & Meghan | Official Trailer | Netflix - YouTube https://t.co/AgH6Icyr4B

[Violet @mindthegreen]

Haha een klassiek geval van de kassa kloppend maken

[Thierry Baudet @thierrybaudet]

Duiding verkiezingsuitslag 2023: Wij zijn van de lange adem! - https://t.co/fJteSuhxgt

[Violet @mindthegreen]

Jullie vergeten hier de oh zo belangrijke haakjes @NOS : ik las net iets over de oorlog in Oekraïne, nu staat hier de hel zonder haakjes - en het blijkt een wielrenparcours?! Van alle pietluttige dingen. Snel aanpassen deze! @NOSsport

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@minhas_fahid @ADnl Daar ben je het AD voor om dit soort woordengegoochel plaatsbaar te vinden

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@chr_weijts leuk “Overal Gescand nergens verwelkomd.” Wel naar mijn idee wat te lang artikel voor de punten die je maakt. Wat ik hier miste: de irritante beleving van bij je hotel aankomen en vervolgens geacht worden zélf in te checken op een computer. Daar pas ik dus voor

[Uncommon Knowledge @uncknowledge]

In this interview, Hoover Senior Fellow Stephen Kotkin joins @p_m_robinson to offer his unique perspective on the Russian aggression and answer five questions for us. This is the third installment.

Watch now:
https://t.co/C1QWykcKoO

[Tim Urban @waitbutwhy]

22 tweets from 2022 that might blow your mind:

Let's start with what a water droplet looks like at 6,000fps.

[nac Image Technology]

[Violet @mindthegreen]

Meer aandacht voor kosten menstrueren, maak hier zelf de rekensom /via @NOS

Heel goed. Alleen: “vrouwen en andere mensen met baarmoeder?” Mogen we de vrouwen ook eens 100% in hun superieure oerkracht zetten ? Of graag overal; “en andere mensen met ballen” https://t.co/Hl3i2SNR9D

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@conradberghoef Pesters snappen niet wat ze mensen jaren later nog aan kunnen doen. Zelf vergeten ze het ook weer

[Violet @mindthegreen]

@BartvanHorck @overlistener Is er dan geen interne verantwoordelijkheid in de zin van een interne “baas” die ook voortgangsgesprekken houdt maar geen fractievoorzitter is ? Zoals bij normale organisaties ?