Glacier Collapse Identified as the Main Trigger of the Flash Flood
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The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has attributed the devastating flooding to a glacier collapse rather than an earthquake. According to the US agency, a glacier located at an elevation of approximately 17,000 feet (5,200 metres) in Tibet collapsed on the morning of August 26. The glacier mass subsequently fell nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 metres).
The collapsed section of the glacier was estimated to be approximately 2,000 feet (610 metres) wide. The enormous mass of ice and rock falling from such a great height generated substantial ground vibrations. The event was therefore initially interpreted as an earthquake tremor. However, the ground shaking, reportedly equivalent to a magnitude 5.2 event, was associated with the sudden glacier collapse rather than tectonic earthquake activity.
As the huge mass of ice descended, it fragmented and was pulverised, mixing with rock, sediment and water and producing a highly mobile debris-flow-like surge. At approximately 8:30 a.m. on August 26, this ice, rock and water mixture reached the Lhende River.
The massive debris flow blocked the river and formed a temporary natural dam, resulting in rapid accumulation of water upstream. The blockage was located approximately 20 kilometres northeast of the Nepal–China border.
At around 9:00 a.m., the increasing hydraulic pressure caused the temporary blockage to fail. The sudden release of the impounded water and debris generated a powerful downstream flood wave. The surge then propagated into the Bhote Koshi River system and subsequently affected the Trishuli River, causing severe flooding and widespread destruction downstream.
Sequence of Events
Glacier collapse → Ice/rock avalanche → Debris flow → Lhende River blockage → Temporary dam formation → Water accumulation → Dam failure → Flash flood → Bhote Koshi → Trishuli → Downstream destruction
Thus, the magnitude 5.2 ground shaking was not necessarily the cause of the disaster; rather, it appears to have been a consequence of the massive glacier collapse. The primary mechanism was the sudden release of a huge volume of ice, rock and water, followed by temporary river blockage and catastrophic dam break flooding.
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