I frequently go through phases when I will post things that I am not sure are true. I often come to disagree with my previous posts, but try not to delete them unless they are of no value. Records of my misunderstanding and confusion might be helpful at some point.
7 minerals and 7 binders to support detoxification 👇
Now besides the topic of detoxing, in general if you:
-Have been exposed to mold/mycotoxins and heavy metals
-Are struggling with brain fog, fatigue, skin issues or gut issues (especially any form of IBS)
-Plan to use antibiotics/antifungals
then binders are worth looking into.
Binders were popularized for agricultural practices when farmers noticed their livestock were getting sick from eating moldy grains (for example, in 1960 in the UK, 100,000 turkeys died from aflatoxin B1) where adding bentonite clay or activated charcoal (small amounts like 0.5%) to the feed reversed it by trapping mycotoxins inside the gut before they were absorbed into the bloodstream.
Bentonite's interlayer spacing (1-2 nm) for example intercalates AFB1 molecules through van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding, reducing bioavailability 85-95%.
In the meantime, Vladimir Nikolaev and his colleagues in the 1980s started using enterosgel, then clays started to get used in Ghana since AFB1 was contaminating up to 70% of maize and was causing cancer in children and now in 2025 it's quite common to use binders in medical settings.
But what exactly is a binder?
A binder is a substance that grabs onto toxins in the GI tract, locking them up so they are excreted through stool instead of being reabsorbed through the liver-gut cycle(*).
(*) Bile to the intestine to reabsorption and back to the liver.
This process is called enterohepatic recirculation and it is one of the main reasons people stay sick even after removing the source of the toxin.
Bile carries conjugated toxins (in phase II liver detox that adds glucuronide/sulfate groups) -> 95% reabsorbs in the ileum via transporters like ASBT.
Binders stop that loop/reduce reabsorption.
So think of a binder as a toxin sponge inside your gut whose porous surfaces create binding sites through physical forces (van der Waals, ionic exchange) or chemical affinities (hydrophobic interactions for lipophilic toxins).
In medical terms, they're classified by capacity (mg toxin/g binder) and selectivity (Kd dissociation constants).
Now even though binders do not pull toxins out of your cells or tissues, they are quite useful tools.
But most people add them into their detox routine without understanding what they actually do.
Now of course, the OTC binders that we will talk about usually stop Herx/die off reactions (mobilized toxins with nowhere to go).
Let's say that you use antimicrobials for SIBO for example, once pathogens begin to die, they release LPS/endotoxins and stored toxins.
Binders pull these and ramp up their excretion.
But what a lot of people do is they use high doses of binders without even working on the drainage pathways (bowels, lymph, kidneys, sweat) first and this combination can 100% lead to a Herx reaction as well.
So before jumping into binders:
-Work on the drainage pathways first (bowel regularity, bile flow, lymph, hydration).
-Replenish nutrients (B vitamins, minerals (trace minerals as well) etc)
-Support phases III->II->I of the liver.
-Treat dysbiosis to a basic degree if present.
-Lower the toxin burden by avoiding the main sources of toxins in your environment and using the IR sauna (if possible).
Now let’s talk about some specific binders and what toxins they bind.
Number 1: Activated charcoal (AC).
This one binds LPS/plenty of bacteria metabolites, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, some pesticides like glyphosate and drugs such as acetaminophen.
Upsides: Very effective, usually cheap, broad effects.
Downsides: Will cause constipation to a lot of people who haven't resolved dysbiosis, traps plenty of fatty acids and minerals as well, needs to be taken 2 hours before a meal or medication.
Number 2: Modified citrus pectin (MCP).
This one greatly binds lead, arsenic, cadmium and galectin-3.
Upsides: Quite effective for these heavy metals (in a study down in 111 kids, when used for 4 weeks it helped drop lead by something like 70%), interesting effects on some cancer types.
Downsides: Expensive, can't be used before resolving a pathogen overgrowth to a great extent.
Number 3: Cholestyramine (CSM)/colesevelam.
These are just mentioned because they are advocated in the shoemaker protocol (at least they were the last time i checked).
It can help with lipophilic toxins/mycotoxins (the quaternary ammonium groups exchange Cl⁻ for bile acids) but they cause constipation in a lot of people, you need a prescription and in the long run they trap a lot of fatty acids as well.
Number 4: Bentonite clay.
This one binds AFB1, ochratoxin, zearalenone, fumonisin and some heavy metals (Pb/Cd).
Upsides: Cheap, gentle on the gut, broad effects.
Downsides: Plenty are contaminated with heavy metals, can cause constiptation.
Number 5: Micronized zeolite.
This one is great for binding ammonium, lead, cadmium, aluminum, cesium and some aflatoxins.
Upsides: The best binder for UREA cycle issues, great for cadmium, low constipation risk.
Downsides: Plenty are contaminated, can be expensive.
Number 6: Chlorella.
This algae is a good general addition for heavy metals like mercury/lead/arsenic and some dioxins/PCBs.
Upsides: Relatively cheap and safe.
Downsides: Not that effective for severe cases.
Number 7:Humic and fulvic acids.
These are the go to for herbicides such as glyphosate but also pesticides.
They can also be used for chromium toxicity.
Upsides: The safest OTC ones for herbicides and pesticides, fulvic acid is also great for mitochondrial health.
Downsides: Expensive.
Bonus: Enterosgel (there's also a German one called silicea but it's derived from silicon dioxide so it's not the same as enterosgel).
This one is great for binding endotoxins, uremic toxins and bilirubin.
Upsides: Pretty safe and effective for endotoxins and uremic toxins.
Downsides: Doesn't do much besides this, it has a constipation risk.
Now let's talk about minerals.
In a nutshell, these minerals work because heavy metals such as nickel, lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic, often mimic essential minerals and disrupt cellular processes like their uptake.
The ones that will be discussed primarily work through competitive inhibition of absorption, displacement from binding sites, enhancement of chelation proteins or pathways but also antioxidant support, and improved excretion or immobilization.
Now here's the list of my favourite minerals when it comes to detoxing.
Number 1: Calcium. This is very useful when it comes to lead but also cadmium.
Lead (Pb²⁺) is a divalent cation with an ionic radius and charge similar to calcium (Ca²⁺), allowing it to hijack calcium-dependent pathways. This leads to deposition in bones (where ~90-95% of the body's lead burden resides long-term) and disruption of cellular signaling.
Cadmium (Cd²⁺) also mimics calcium and enters via shared channels (including voltage-gated calcium channels and DMT1). Adequate calcium intake antagonizes these processes (ionic mimicry, transporter competition etc)
Lead and calcium share pathways for gastrointestinal uptake.
One example is the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1, also known as NRAMP2) is a primary apical transporter in enterocytes for non-heme iron (Fe²⁺) but also transports other divalent metals like Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺. Calcium acts as a non-competitive (or low-affinity) inhibitor of DMT1-mediated transport.
It binds to DMT1 (or the DMT1-metal complex) without being transported itself, reducing the transporter's efficiency for lead/iron.
Kinetic studies in cell models such the following, confirm this reversible inhibition, with effects observable at millimolar extracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations.
The calcium channels/transporters such as CaT1/ECaC and TRPV6 may also contribute under certain conditions. So low dietary calcium upregulates these transporters, inadvertently increasing Pb and Cd absorption.
Number 2: Zinc.
Zinc might be the most effective essential mineral for mitigating heavy metal toxicity due to its multifaceted roles in competitive transport inhibition, induction of protective proteins like metallothionein (MT), restoration of enzyme function, and antioxidant defense.
Metallothioneins for example are low-molecular-weigh, cysteine-rich proteins that bind metals via thiol (-SH) groups. Each MT molecule can bind up to 7 Zn²⁺ or Cd²⁺ ions in tetrahedral coordination.
Zinc is the most potent physiological inducer of MT gene expression via the metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1), which binds metal response elements (MREs) in the MT promoter.
Heavy metals like Cd²⁺ and Hg²⁺ have a higher affinity for MT thiols than Zn²⁺.
Cadmium displaces zinc from Zn-MT complexes, releasing free Zn²⁺ that further activates MTF-1 and upregulates MT synthesis creating a feedback loop that increases binding capacity.
The resulting Cd-MT or Hg-MT complexes are less toxic, sequestered in the cytoplasm (especially in liver and kidney), and eventually excreted or stored.
Zinc and toxic divalent metals such as Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ also share uptake pathways such as DMT1/SLC11A2 on the apical membrane of enterocytes.
DMT1 primarily transports Fe²⁺ but also accepts Cd, Pb, Mn, and others.
Zinc can downregulate or compete at these sites, though its primary transporters are ZIP and ZnT families.
Number 3: Silica.
This is quite promising for aluminum and in one study it reduced aluminum bioavailability by even 67%.
It has a high affinity for soft metals via -SH groups.
In simulated GI fluids, it binds Hg(II), MeHg, Cd(II), and Pb(II) strongly, with minimal impact on essential minerals. It remains in the gut, enabling fecal excretion without systemic absorption.
Number 4: Molybdenum.
Molybdenum (Mo) functions primarily as a cofactor in four key human enzymes via the molybdenum cofactor (Moco), a complex pterin-based structure that coordinates the Mo atom.
These enzymes: sulfite oxidase (SUOX), xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase (XO/XDH), aldehyde oxidase (AOX1), and mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC), play critical roles in sulfur metabolism, purine catabolism, aldehyde detoxification, and xenobiotic/drug metabolism.
While Mo does not directly chelate common heavy metals like lead, cadmium, or mercury (unlike zinc or specialized silicas), it indirectly supports detoxification by maintaining liver function, preventing secondary toxicities.
Number 5: Magnesium.
Higher Mg intake is shown to reduce intestinal absorption, promote renal clearance and reduce tissue retention of Pb and Cd. Magnesium is also a cofactor for γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis) and supports glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) in Phase II liver conjugation.
Number 6: Selenium.
Selenium (Se) is also one of the most potent essential trace elements for countering heavy metal toxicity, particularly mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and to a lesser extent lead (Pb) just like zinc.
It operates through direct complex formation (creating inert metal-selenides), potent antioxidant selenoprotein activity, restoration of glutathione systems, and modulation of metal distribution/excretion. Unlike zinc’s strong metallothionein induction or magnesium’s transporter competition, selenium’s effects are highly specific for certain metals (especially Hg) and center on redox biology.
Especially when reduced to hydrogen selenide (H₂Se) or selenide ions, it binds heavy metals with extremely high affinity.
Here are two examples:
1. Mercury: Forms insoluble, biologically inert mercuric selenide (HgSe) complexes (often as nanoparticles in tissues like liver and kidney). This sequesters Hg away from sensitive sites and facilitates its excretion or safe storage. Adequate Se prevents Hg from binding thiols in proteins.
2. Cadmium and Arsenic: Forms Cd-Se or As-Se complexes, reducing free metal ions available for toxic interactions. This decreases tissue accumulation and promotes fecal/urinary excretion.
Selenium also enhances GSH synthesis and recycling (via GPx), making more GSH available for conjugating metals.
Number 7: Boron. Unlike zinc or magnesium, boron does not strongly induce metallothionein or act as a broad chelator, but it forms complexes with fluoride (why it's mainly included in this list).
It of course also modulates mineral balance, supports antioxidant defenses, and influences bone/kidney health.
Boron forms less toxic fluoroborate complexes BF₄⁻ or hydroxyfluoroborates) that reduce fluoride's bioavailability and toxicity for example. These complexes increase urinary and fecal excretion of fluoride while partially countering its skeletal retention.
That's all.
Leave a like if you found this helpful.
-George
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