✅ SQL for Data Science 🗄️📊
If you’re learning Data Science, Data Analytics, or Business Intelligence, SQL is not optional.
It’s a core skill.
Almost every company stores data in databases, and SQL is the language used to access that data.
Let’s learn the fundamentals. 🧵
(Save this thank me later).
🚨 SCIENTISTS FINALLY FIGURED OUT WHY GOLD NEVER TARNISHES AND IT’S ALL ABOUT ATOM GEOMETRY.
Gold stays perfectly shiny for centuries while silver dulls, copper turns green, and iron rusts. For decades, no one could explain exactly why.
Now researchers at Tulane University have cracked it using quantum simulations.
When gold is cut, its surface atoms don’t stay still. They rearrange into a stable hexagonal pattern. This specific geometry makes it extremely difficult for oxygen molecules to split and react with the metal requiring far more energy than other arrangements.
Why this matters:
• Gold’s famous inertness is not just chemical it’s geometric
• The hexagonal “reconstruction” of atoms creates a protective barrier at the atomic level
• This explains why gold is so resistant to tarnishing and corrosion
• It also shows why gold is normally a poor catalyst but could become an excellent one if we force atoms into different patterns
The deeper implication is enormous:
We are learning that the behavior of materials at the atomic scale is controlled by geometry as much as chemistry.
By understanding and controlling this atomic rearrangement, scientists could finally make gold a powerful catalyst for clean chemistry while keeping its legendary shine for jewelry and electronics.
What other “eternal” properties of materials might actually come down to tiny patterns of atoms?
Follow for more frontier physics and materials science.
A psychologist became the most hated woman in her field for proving that the childhood memories people trust the most are often the ones their brain quietly made up.
Her name is Elizabeth Loftus.
Here's the the experiment that made her famous and its almost insultingly simple.
She gave each subject four short stories about their own childhood, collected beforehand from a parent or older sibling. Three of the stories were true. One was completely invented. The fake one always described the same scene. You were five years old, you wandered off in a shopping mall, you panicked, and an elderly stranger found you crying and walked you back to your family.
None of it had happened.
But after two short interviews, about a quarter of the people in the study didn't just accept the story. They remembered it. They started adding details nobody had given them. The color of the stranger's shirt. How scared they felt the moment they realized their parents were gone.
When Loftus finally revealed that one of the four memories was fake and asked them to guess which, many of them guessed wrong. They picked a real one.
The study was published in 1995. It was called The Formation of False Memories, and it set off a war inside psychology that is still going today.
Here is the thing she had figured out that most people get backward their entire lives.
You think memory works like a recording. Something happens, your brain saves the file, and later you press play and watch it back exactly as it was. That is not what happens. Memory is not storage. It is reconstruction.
Every time you recall something, your brain rebuilds it from scratch out of fragments and whatever information happens to be lying around at that moment. Anything close enough can get stitched into the final cut.
Loftus had proven this years earlier with a car crash. She showed people a video of two cars hitting each other, then asked how fast they were going. For one group she used the word "smashed." For another she used the word "hit." The smashed group estimated the cars were moving about seven miles an hour faster.
A week later she asked everyone whether they had seen broken glass at the scene. There was no broken glass in the video. The people who heard the word "smashed" were more than twice as likely to remember glass that was never there.
One verb. That was all it took to edit what people had seen with their own eyes.
She called it the misinformation effect, and the more she studied it, the worse the implications got.
If a single word could plant broken glass, what could a confident therapist plant over months of sessions? What could a leading question plant in a witness sitting on the stand? She started testifying in court, and across her career she consulted on roughly 300 cases, telling juries that the most convincing testimony in the room might be a memory that had assembled itself out of nothing.
People hated her for it. She got threats. She got accused of protecting abusers. And then something happened that turned her own life into the experiment.
When Loftus was 14, her mother drowned in a swimming pool. Thirty years later, at a family gathering, her uncle told her something she had never known. He said she was the one who found the body floating in the water that morning.
She had no memory of it. But the moment he said it, the memory began to arrive. She could see her mother face down with her arms out. She could feel a fireman pressing an oxygen mask over her own panicked face. The details came one by one, vivid and certain, exactly the way they had arrived for every subject she had ever studied.
Then her uncle called back. He had made a mistake. It wasn't her who found the body. It was her aunt.
The most important memory researcher alive had just watched her own brain manufacture a traumatic childhood memory from a single sentence spoken by someone she trusted. She was, in her own words, a subject in one of her own experiments.
That is the part nobody wants to sit with. Fake memories do not feel fake. They feel exactly like the real ones. There is no internal alarm, no flicker of doubt, no difference in texture between the thing that happened and the thing that was suggested to you.
You are not remembering your life. You are rebuilding it from scratch every single time, and you have no way of knowing which pieces are real.
The American chestnut was the dominant tree of the eastern US forest for thousands of years. One in every four trees in the Appalachians was a chestnut.
Then, between 1904 and 1940, a fungal blight from Asia killed roughly four billion of them. The species nearly went extinct as a forest tree within a single human lifetime.
The recovery effort is now in its fourth decade. The American Chestnut Foundation breeds disease-resistant hybrids by crossing American chestnuts with blight-resistant Chinese chestnuts, then backcrossing for generations to recover the American tree's form.
Other researchers have used gene editing to insert a wheat gene that detoxifies the blight.
The first restoration plantings are alive and growing in the Appalachians. They won't be mature for another 50 years.
None of the people who started this work will see it finished, but we should all be glad they're doing it.
Earlier this morning, the Madison County High School band began its trek to Washington, D.C., where they will perform in the National Memorial Day Parade.
📸 credit: Madison County High School
https://t.co/Y1Mcz2R7R0
In the Muddy Banks of North Carolina, Student Archaeologists May Have Discovered the Remnants of a Centuries-Old Spanish Ship https://t.co/6td6eEIlEd via @smithsonianmag