What is VTI (Velocity Time Integral) in echocardiography?
VTI measures the distance a column of blood travels during systole through the LVOT. It’s a vital parameter to estimate stroke volume and cardiac output noninvasively.
How is VTI measured?
1️⃣ Obtain an apical 5-chamber view (5C).
2️⃣ Place PW Doppler just below the aortic valve (at LVOT).
3️⃣ Measure the area under the velocity curve during systole➡️ that’s the VTI (in cm).
Calculation of Stroke Volume (SV):
SV = VTI × LVOT area
LVOT area = π × (LVOT diameter/2)²
Requires accurate LVOT diameter from parasternal long-axis view.
Then,
Cardiac Output (CO) = SV × HR
♦️Normal LVOT VTI: ~18–22 cm (adults)
▶️A low VTI often means reduced stroke volume, requiring further hemodynamic assessment.
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