@Sheisafrican12@Toniatuslim If he lives in Ikorodu and works in Ajah, he wouldn't have to do that 2am thing because Ikorodu to Ajah is not far ..... It's about 10 minutes or less via water ways by bayeku ways
here's an index of 460 common solidity vulnerabilities across 31 unique protocol types
scraped from over 10000 solodit findings
optimized for LLMs
https://t.co/3Wh3CyFzOf
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ZK Security Part1 - Zero to One
ZK security can be grouped into four layers:
1. Application
2. Circuit
3. Backend
4. Frontend
Motivation - One mistake and you/protocols are rekt or even died forever!
Security is a major part of a product and even growth decider of the product, minor bugs can have major impact with advancement of systems. So if you are reading this, meaning you care about security.
Grab your coffee/tea, bcz this is going will give new lessons of ZK Security!!
Lets go!!
Overview
1. Application Layer Vulnerabilities
- Proof Delegation Error
- Proof Composition Error
- Passing Unchecked Data
- ZKP Complementary Logic Error
The Root Cause of these Vulnerabilities can be:
- Application/Missing Validation Input
- Application/Application Design Error
To gain practical knowledge, read Aleo snarkVM report by zkSecurity - https://t.co/ZtbZGUID0B
2. Circuit Layer Vulnerabilities
- Under-Constrained
- Over-Constrained
- Computational Error
The Root Cause of these Vulnerabilities at Circuit layer can be:
- Assigned but Unconstrained
- Missing Input Constraints
- Unsafe Reuse of Circuit
- Wrong translation of logic into constraints
- Incorrect Custom Gates
- Out-of-Circuit Computation Not Being Constrained
- Arithmetic Field Errors
- Circuit Design Errors
- Other Programming Errors
To gain practical knowledge, read these reports & disclosure:
- Reclaim protocol: https://t.co/y3H5P1j8eK
- MACI: https://t.co/5K7Ujp9cj2
- spartan-ecdsa: https://t.co/fprCkygs9Z
- Aztec: https://t.co/PipGVthluq & https://t.co/58kJ3WHV2i
- Scroll: https://t.co/zFTb2b4p17
3. Backend Layer Vulnerabilities
- Setup Error
- Prover Error
- Unsafe Verifier
4. Frontend Layer Vulnerabilities
- Incorrect Constraint Compilation
- Witness Generation Error
The Root Cause of these Vulnerabilities at Frontend/Backend layer can be:
- Incorrect Fiat-Shamir Transformation
- Cryptographic Misuse
- Informational Leakage
- Programming Error
- Bad Randomness
- Insecure Curve/Field
For backend and frontend, gnark fixes are good example to study(https://t.co/bqZ0JP4fKJ)
-https://t.co/f2KTcTKgYn
Interestingly the most impactful bugs can be at any layer. There are mainly three impacts:
- Soundness
- Completeness
- Zero-Knowledge
And most bugs are found at Circuit layer and impacts Soundness and Completeness of the circuits.
Personal readings: Studying openvm @cantina audit report will works best imo! (ref: https://t.co/rTtK5KlZv6)
Thanks for reading in the next one we will dive practical bugs !
Thanks to @zksecurityXYZ , @electisec , @hexens , @ConsensysAudits , @HalbornSecurity , @sigp_io , @VeridiseInc & @trailofbits , and others(@hashcloak ) who have doing incredible work in zk security and open sourcing your work!
See you soon! Till then keep finding bugs!!
ITโS WEB3BRIDGE @ 6! ๐
6 years of believing.
6 years of impacting lives across Africa.
From a small idea to a movement shaping the future of Web3 on the continent. ๐
Happy 6th Anniversary to us Web3Bridge โค๏ธ
Hereโs to more impact, more innovation, and more builders.๐ฅ ๐
#W3B6 #Web3Bridgeat6