A prism bends a ray twice once going in, once coming out. The total turn is the angle of deviation δ.
δ = (i + e) − A
Different colors have different refractive indices, so they deviate by different amounts. That is the spectrum.
The work–energy theorem: net work on a particle equals the change in its kinetic energy.
W = ΔK = ½mv₂² − ½mv₁²
Work is the area under the F–x curve. That area is exactly how much the motion speeds up or slows down.
Take any 4 digit number with at least two distinct digits. Sort digits descending, sort ascending, subtract. Repeat.
You will reach 6174, always, and stay there: 7641 minus 1467 is 6174 again. We brute force checked all 8,991 eligible numbers. Every one arrives, worst case in exactly 7 steps.
Kaprekar found this constant in 1949. Nobody has fully explained why 6174 and essentially nothing else behaves this way in four digits.