“In my whole life I've never been good at something I wasn't very interested in. It just doesn't work. There's no substitute for strong interest.”
— Charlie Munger
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Elon Musk literally sat down for a 45-minute talk with Y Combinator that explains how to build world-changing companies better than any business school on earth. This is the advice he gave a room full of young founders:
1. Don't try to build something great. Try to build something useful.
Everyone obsesses over greatness. Musk says that's the wrong target. "I didn't originally think I would build something great. I wanted to try to build something useful. I didn't think I would build anything particularly great. Seemed unlikely, but I wanted to at least try." Aim for useful first. Greatness, if it comes, is a byproduct.
2. When you can't get in the front door, build your own door.
Before Musk started his first company, he tried to get a job at Netscape. "I sent my resume into Netscape and nobody responded. I tried hanging out in the lobby to see if I could bump into someone, but I was too shy to talk to anyone. So I'm like, this is ridiculous, I'll just write software myself." He didn't set out to be a founder. He became one because no one would hire him.
3. He slept in the office and showered at the YMCA.
The origin of his first company was not glamorous. "We couldn't even afford a place to stay. The office was 500 bucks a month, so we just slept in the office and showered at the YMCA." He couldn't afford proper internet either, so he drilled a hole through the office floor and ran a cable to the internet provider downstairs. That was the founder of the future richest man on earth.
4. Keep the chips on the table.
When Musk sold his first company, he received a $20 million cheque. His bank balance went from $10,000 to $20 million overnight. Most people would have stopped. He put almost all of it straight back into his next company. "I kept the chips on the table." He did the same thing decades later, over and over. He hates money sitting idle. Money is fuel for the next mission.
5. Start with the mission, then work backwards to make it a business.
Musk didn't start SpaceX to make money. He went on the NASA website to find out when humans were going to Mars, and there was no plan. So he decided to build one. "There had been no prior example of a rocket startup succeeding. A small chance of success is better than no chance of success." The mission came first. The business model came later.
6. He started SpaceX expecting to fail.
He is brutally honest about the odds. "SpaceX started in mid-2002 expecting to fail. Probably 90% chance of failing. When recruiting people, I said, we're probably going to die, but small chance we might not die." The first three launches failed. The fourth one worked with no money left. "If the fourth launch hadn't worked, it would have been curtains. We made it by the skin of our teeth."
7. Break every problem down to physics.
This is the core of how Musk thinks. "First principles means break things down to the fundamental elements that are most likely to be true, then reason up from there, as opposed to reasoning by analogy." His example is rockets. Everyone priced them based on what old rockets cost. Musk asked what a rocket is actually made of, priced the raw metals, and found the materials were only 1-2% of the historical price. The rest was inefficiency he could attack.
8. When told something takes 24 months, break it down and do it in six.
Last year xAI needed a giant computer to train its AI. Suppliers said it would take 18 to 24 months. "It's like, well, we need to get that done in six months or we won't be competitive." So he broke it into parts. Needed a building, so he found an old factory. Needed power, so he rented generators. Needed cooling, so he rented a quarter of America's mobile cooling capacity. He slept in the data centre and ran cabling himself. It got done.
9. Watch your ego-to-ability ratio.
Musk's single sharpest piece of advice for young founders is about staying honest with yourself. "A major failure mode is when your ego-to-ability ratio gets too high. Then you break the feedback loop to reality." Keep the ego small, internalise responsibility for everything, and stay ruthlessly connected to what's actually true. "You want to close the loop on reality hard. That's a super big deal."
10. Chase work, not glory.
His closing philosophy ties it all together. "It's so hard to be useful. The area under the curve of total utility is how useful you've been to your fellow human beings times how many people. If you aspire to do true work, your probability of success is much higher. Don't aspire to glory, aspire to work."
He was ridiculed for years. The press called him "internet guy attempting to build a rocket company." He agreed it sounded absurd. He did it anyway, because a small chance of doing something useful beat no chance at all.
Here's the thing though....
Musk became the most followed founder alive because everything he does happens in public. The launches, the failures, the talks like this one. The companies made him powerful. The personal brand made his every word travel around the world before he finishes saying it.
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June 29, 2000: Patrick Kluivert misses a PK against Italy, hitting the left upright.
June 29, 2026: Justin Kluivert misses a PK against Morocco, hitting the left upright.
Elon Musk turns 55 today.
Here are 55 milestones.
Age 54: world's first trillionaire
Age 54: takes SpaceX public
Age 54: SpaceX acquires xAI
Age 54: releases Grok 4
Age 53: launches Robotaxi service
Age 53: xAI acquires X
Age 53: catches Starship booster
Age 53: unveils Cybercab
Age 53: first private spacewalk
Age 53: Colossus supercomputer
Age 52: first Neuralink implant
Age 52: launches Grok
Age 52: rebrands Twitter as X
Age 52: founds xAI
Age 51: launches first Starship
Age 51: buys Twitter
Age 50: flies first all-civilian crew
Age 50: unveils Optimus robot
Age 49: wins NASA moon contract
Age 48: launches crew to orbit
Age 48: ships Tesla Model Y
Age 48: unveils Cybertruck
Age 48: launches Tesla Megapack
Age 47: first Starlink satellites
Age 46: launches Falcon Heavy
Age 46: unveils Tesla Semi
Age 45: starts Boring Company
Age 45: opens first Gigafactory
Age 45: founds Neuralink
Age 45: unveils Solar Roof
Age 45: reflies Falcon 9
Age 44: reveals Tesla Model 3
Age 44: lands a rocket booster
Age 44: co-founds OpenAI
Age 44: ships Tesla Model X
Age 43: unveils Powerwall
Age 43: launches Tesla Autopilot
Age 41: opens first Superchargers
Age 40: ships Tesla Model S
Age 40: Dragon reaches ISS
Age 39: Dragon reaches orbit
Age 39: takes Tesla public (IPO)
Age 38: Falcon 9 first flight
Age 37: Falcon 1 reaches orbit
Age 36: ships first Tesla Roadster
Age 35: co-founds SolarCity
Age 32: co-founds Tesla
Age 31: sells PayPal to eBay
Age 30: founds SpaceX
Age 30: takes PayPal public
Age 27: founds X dot com
Age 27: sells Zip2 to Compaq
Age 24: co-founds Zip2
Age 19: sells PCs in dorm
Age 12: codes video game Blastar
This 50-minute lecture by Jeff Bezos will teach you more about business than a 2-year MBA program.
Bookmark it and give it 50 minutes today, no matter what.