A Russian psychologist spent 10 years proving that the act of talking to yourself out loud is one of the most powerful cognitive tools the human brain has, and almost nobody outside his field has read the work.
His name was Lev Vygotsky.
He worked in Moscow in the 1920s and died of tuberculosis in 1934 at the age of 37. He had no laboratory, no funding, almost no English readers, and a body of work that the Soviet government suppressed for two decades after he died.
He produced the foundational theory of how human cognition actually develops, and the central piece of that theory was a behavior almost every adult is faintly embarrassed about.
Vygotsky noticed that young children talk to themselves constantly. They narrate their own actions, they argue with imaginary opponents, they instruct themselves through tasks out loud.
The dominant theory at the time, from the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, said this was a sign of cognitive immaturity that children would eventually grow out of as they learned to think properly.
Vygotsky said the exact opposite.
He argued that this self-directed speech was the most important cognitive event in the entire developmental window, because it was the moment a child first started to use language as a tool to control their own mind. The child was not failing to think. The child was learning how to think by externalizing the process and listening to themselves do it.
He predicted that as children matured, this out-loud self-talk would not disappear. It would go underground. It would become silent inner speech, which is the running monologue every adult has inside their own head for the rest of their life.
The voice you hear when you read this sentence is the direct descendant of a four-year-old narrating their own block tower.
For 50 years almost nobody outside Russia had access to his work, and the few researchers who did pick it up could not get funding to test it. Then in the early 2000s the experiments finally started to pile up, and what they found was that Vygotsky had been right about something even more important than he knew.
The first major study came from Gary Lupyan at the University of Wisconsin and Daniel Swingley at the University of Pennsylvania in 2012. They ran a simple visual search experiment. Participants were shown 20 images at once and asked to find a specific object, like a banana or a chair. In one condition they searched silently. In the other condition they were told to say the name of the object out loud to themselves while looking for it.
The participants who spoke the target name out loud found the object significantly faster, with higher accuracy, than the participants who searched in silence. The effect was strongest when the spoken word matched a familiar object the brain already had a strong category for.
Saying the word out loud literally tuned the visual system to detect that thing better. The researchers called it the label feedback effect, and the implication was that the act of vocalizing a goal physically changes how the brain processes the world while pursuing it.
The second major study came out of the University of Michigan and Michigan State in 2017. The lead researchers were Ethan Kross and Jason Moser, and they used both EEG and fMRI to record what happens inside the brain when people talk to themselves while emotionally upset.
They asked participants to recall painful autobiographical memories and reflect on them in two different ways. Some used the first person, saying things like "why am I feeling this way." Others used the third person, referring to themselves by their own name, saying things like "why is John feeling this way."
The brain scans showed that the simple act of switching from first person to third person, even silently, decreased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, the region responsible for rumination and self-referential pain. Within a single second of using their own name instead of the word I, participants showed measurably lower emotional reactivity. The shift required no extra cognitive effort. It cost the brain nothing. And it worked.
Kross described the mechanism in his interviews. Talking to yourself by name creates a small amount of psychological distance from your own experience. Your brain processes the situation more like a problem belonging to someone else, which means it can analyze it instead of drowning in it.
What Vygotsky had intuited in 1934 turned out to be even more powerful than the developmental theory he built it into. The voice you use to talk to yourself is not background noise. It is one of the most precise cognitive tools the brain has, and you can change how it works just by changing the pronoun you use.
People who talk through problems out loud are not anxious or unstable. They are running an externalized version of a process the rest of us are running silently and worse. The kindergartener narrating their block tower, the surgeon muttering through a procedure, the engineer pacing a hallway describing a bug to nobody, the athlete repeating a cue to themselves before a free throw, they are all using the same ancient mechanism that builds and steers human thought.
You can run the experiment yourself the next time you are stuck on something hard. Stop trying to solve it silently in your head. Say it out loud. Describe what you are seeing. Walk yourself through the steps as if you were explaining it to a colleague who is not in the room.
And when something genuinely upsets you, switch to your own name. Ask why this person is feeling this way, instead of why I am feeling this way.
The voice you have been told to keep quiet your entire life is one of the oldest pieces of cognitive technology you own.
Most people are still embarrassed to use it.
Coming back from the dead is arguably one of if not the very best masculine experiences for confidence
I have spoken to some very high level operators who have been destroyed and zero'd out in their mid thirties by bankruptcy, divorce getting ugly and a multitude of other things and those individuals who eat those shots and came back to the arena swinging and rebuilt themselves from basically nothing; everyone of those motherfuckers has that untouchable it factor swagger and its so potent
Those moments where you're down and out, took a risk which was 95% of NW; got clipped and now you barely have money for rent without hopping on uber for 30 hours a week for the next 4 weeks, or maybe you even go into heavy debt and get clipped
Those are the moments that forge the spirit and make the man in complete totality, if a man can connect to his vision for himself and revive from those angles from the dead he will know a strength and a power like no other
Fear is such a neurotic mistress, its so easy to be consumed by fear when everything is going perfectly and it can paralyse you even when things are great, but then once you get destroyed into the dirt and all your nightmares are at the door, all of them have transformed and become real now it is strangely at this very point when they have no power over you, the point where you're in the most danger you care the very least as you have gained strength from engaging and welcoming your shadows, once you welcome something and you are truly not bothered by it; you swallow its soul and it animates you into correct posture and life force and you can utilise that as an additional limb of some sort
It's never getting decimated that really deconstructs men, you will always live in a glass house afraid of the wind when you have never realised you can survive the coldest nights and its genuinely that realisation that is the foundation of becoming and growing beyond who you actually are
Unless you fail truly at some point, you will never develop the courage to be who you truly could be, as the protection of your little ego will prevent you from truly taking on the almighty behemoth challenges
Failing brutally atleast once destroys your ego and liberates you, it almost acts as an additional health bar
Always the dudes who have done the least who are the most stressed and the men who are the most calm who have been in the war the longest
Otherwise you will live to protect your illusions forever
You must mythologize yourself and everything in your life.
See your struggles as heroic trials, your victories as divine rewards, your path as a sacred quest.
Turn the ordinary into the extraordinary.
Bill Gurley on Anthropic: "I would encourage people to read as much as they can about Anthropic. I don't think they think they're writing software. I think they're midwifing a deity."
Jason Calacanis: "They believe they're so powerful that they can create God."
France is attacking the 'Swedish way of life' by banning nicotine pouches like Zyn and Velo:
Pouches bought legally could face French penalties of up to five years in prison and a €375,000 fine.
“It is as if we would prohibit French baguettes or French wine in Sweden,” Swedish trade minister Benjamin Dousa told the FT.