Den den

[NEJM @NEJM]

Multiple sclerosis, a common autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, affects the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Its hallmark effects are inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. 🔗 https://t.co/McH5l7urUG

In traditional descriptions of the disease, the myelin sheaths surrounding nerve-cell axons are the main target; peripheral nerve myelin, although structurally similar, is unaffected.

The disease typically manifests with discrete focal attacks that affect vision, sensation, strength, and balance, and over time the frequency of attacks decreases and progressive worsening with prominent neuronal injury supervenes (seen in figure). In a minority of patients, symptoms are progressive from onset. Diagnosis rests on clinical criteria and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, supplemented by clonal expansions of immunoglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid and slowing in central nerve conduction velocities as measured by evoked potentials.

Learn more in the Review Article “Advances in Multiple Sclerosis” by Stephen L. Hauser, MD: https://t.co/McH5l7urUG

[literland @literlandweb1]

En recuerdo y homenaje a la gran Ana María Matute, de cuyo nacimiento se cumple hoy un siglo: "Hay que inventar la vida porque acaba siendo verdad".

[Stroke AHA/ASA @StrokeAHA_ASA]

#STROKE Simultaneous publication at #ESOC2025 🔴🔵

#OPTIMAS trial finds that chronic kidney disease does not modify the effects of early versus delayed DOAC initiation after acute ischemic stroke. #AHAJournals

https://t.co/9oXKCgFtux

[literland @literlandweb1]

"El precio de cualquier cosa es la cantidad de vida que cambias por ella".
Henry David Thoreau
📷Zerno Roli

[Lea Alhilali, MD @teachplaygrub]

1/Wish that your knowledge of autoimmune encephalitis was automatic?

Do you feel in limbo about limbic encephalitis?

Do you know the patterns?

Read on for what you need to know in this month's @RadioGraphics review!

https://t.co/SQfITzD91w

@cookyscan1 @RadG_Editor

[Neuroanatomy Research group @NeuroanatomyRG]

The 𝗦𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗿𝗱 𝗕𝗹𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗽𝗹𝘆.

🅰︎. Longitudinal arteries (system)
1• Anterior spinal artery (ASP)
2• Posterior spinal arteries (PSA)
- ASA - anterior two-thirds of the cord.
- PSA - posterior one-third.

🅱︎. The segmental arteries (system).

1• Enter the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramina

2• Giving the radiculomedullary arteries.
2•a. Most prominent at the thoracolumber region.
2•b. Artery of Adamkiewicz.

3• Branches/perforaters:
3•a. ASA ➪ 𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔.
3b. PSA ➪ 𝑷𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔.
3c. ASA &PSA ➪ 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒇𝒆𝒓e𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 network.

4 circumferential arteries ➪ Vasocoronal branches.

🆀︎ Name the anterior and the posterior watershed areas of the spinal cord?

#neurosurgery
#Neurology
#spine
#Neurovascular
#anatomy
#neuroanatomy

[Lea Alhilali, MD @teachplaygrub]

Is cranial nerve anatomy making you nervous??!!

High resolution SSFP imaging can visualize cranial nerves, typically for pts w/microvascular compression

But knowing their anatomy & location can help you on any imaging—bc if you know where they are, you know if they may be involved

Here’s what you can see on MRI:

Olfactory: along anterior cranial fossa above the cribriform plate

Optic: from globe, posteriorly through the orbit until intracranially optic nerves join to form chiasm

Oculomotor: from between the cerebral peduncles to cavernous sinus

Trochlear: From back of the midbrain at the aqueduct to cavernous sinus

Trigeminal: From pons at the middle cerebellar peduncles into meckels cave

Abducens: From undersurface of inferior pons anteriorly to dorello canal along clivus

7th/8th complex: From undersurface of inferior pons laterally to the IAC

Glossopharyngeal & vagus: from medulla where it looks like a clover to the jugular foramen

Hypoglossal: from medulla where it looks round like the spinal cord to the Hypoglossal foramen

Hopefully all this info of cranial nerves didn’t get on your last nerve!!

[Keith Siau @drkeithsiau]

Digestion and absorption of nutrients 💡

[Lea Alhilali, MD @teachplaygrub]

Sink or swim!

Brain is swimming in CSF!

CSF is key for protection, buoyancy, & hormone/waste transport

Most know basic ventricular anatomy well, but not subarachnoid anatomy.

How many cisterns do YOU know?

Here’s a quick guide to the key midline cisterns & what to know for each

Cisterna Magna:
Largest of the cisterns
Contains CN 9-11 & vertebral arteries
Remember this bc the LARGEST cistern contains the LARGEST cranial nerve (vagus) and the two cranial nerves around it

Prepontine cistern:
Contains CN 6 & basilar artery
Remember this bc the shape of the number 6 mirrors the curvature of the anterior pons, where this cistern lies

Chiasmatic cistern
Contains CN 2 & pituitary stalk
Easy to remember bc the CHIASM is CN 2

Interpeduncular cistern:
Contains CN 3 & mammillary bodies
Remember this bc if you lay the number 3 on its side it looks both like the two cerebral peduncles (where this cistern lies) & well, two mamillary bodies

Quadrigeminal cistern
Contains CN4 & pineal gland
East to remember bc QUAD is the prefix for FOUR

Lamina terminalis:
Contains the ACOMM
Remember this bc the shape of subarachnoid hemorrhage after ACOMM rupture follows this cistern anteriorly

Now when you look at cisternal anatomy, you will definitely be able to go with the flow!

[Faheem Ullah @Faheem_uh]

PhD Students - How to design a research methodology?

You can use the Research Onion model to design your research methodology.

Here is a simple understanding of the different layers of the onion model.

𝟏. 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐞𝐬

It refers to the view or stance from which the research has been conducted.

𝟐. 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬

Here you will formulate your hypothesis or an observation to test.

𝟑. 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐞𝐬

Here you will choose the concrete method such as action research, survey, interview, or case study, etc.

𝟒. 𝐂𝐡𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬

Here you need to specify whether you used one method, two methods, or multiple methods to conduct this research.

𝟓. 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐬

You need to answer in what time frames the research was conducted e.g., in one go or in various different times.

𝟔. 𝐓𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬

You need to specify what type of data has been collected and how the data has been collected.

Credit: The research onion model by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill

Anything you'd like to add?

[Oren Gottfried, MD @OGdukeneurosurg]

MRI brain Sequences

[Animetrends @AnimetrendsLA]

¡SE ESTRENA EN 2025!

Kimetsu no Yaiba 'Arco del Castillo Infinito' llegará a los cines en 2025. 🔥
#MOVIE #DemonSlayer

[Space 8K @uhd2020]

“Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known.”

- Carl Sagan

[Sufyan Maan, M.Eng @sufyanmaan]

I read Atomic Habits a year ago and it changed my life.

12 powerful lessons everyone should know:

[Johanna Seiden, MD MPH @JohannaSeidenMD]

schematic of arterial supply of the Internal Capsule
DOI:10.1016/j.cnp.2022.07.001 #stroke #neurotwitter #strokemed

[Michael Okun @MichaelOkun]

Is Hoover's sign only useful in functional neurological disorders? NOPE. Wonderful experience teaching @UFNeuroRes as the attending this past week. Hoover's can be extremely helpful in the emergency room evaluation of a person with lower extremity weakness. At its core it is a crossed extensor sign. - Flex one hip and the contralateral hip extends. The maneuver can help you to gauge weakness in an emergency or in a consult setting. You don't have to always be looking uncover a functional neurological disorder.
https://t.co/v1Jb4yL1sD #Fixelinstitute

[Lea Alhilali, MD @teachplaygrub]

1/Do radiologists sound like they are speaking a different language when they talk about MRI?

T1 shortening what? T2 prolongation who?

Here’s a translation w/an introductory thread to MRI.