![cirnosad's tweet photo. The Revelation of the Pyramid, the Moon, the Earth and the Sun /๐
It's time for a geometry thread. If people like this an there's a sufficiently positive response I'll dive much deeper into these sorts of things in the future, I've left out almost everything in this thread to make it readable.
๐๐๐๐๐
Those who built the pyramids had the following measures:
degrees (dividing a circle into 6*60, 60 being a highly composite number) -- more on this shortly.
seconds (dividing the day into 2*12 divisions of 60*60 minutes/seconds, 12 being another highly composite number)
meters (meters are a division of the Earth's polar circumference. For some reason the measure 10,000 pops up here, not relevant for the discussion but note its base 10 rather than 60, on the surface.)
Now, meters is probably the most fanciful to all of you, I'm sure you probably won't believe me that a "modern" measure like the meter was used to design the pyramid.
But surely you would believe that they used the royal cubit? The modern tale is it's derived from a human's forearm and palm length. Now you've probably heard this was discovered because they found a bunch of marked sticks. That's not true -- the royal cubit shows up in the geometry of the pyramid itself:
280 cubits high
440 cubits wide *
The most precise location where these measurements are used are in the so-called King's chamber, which has a more complex geometrical base of measurement. In 1865, the Prussian Karl Richard Lepsius determined what the cubit was in meters:
0.5326 meters. This may seem completely random to you, but it isn't and it's actually quite revealing.
This is exactly Pi/6 meters.
If you drew a circle that had a diameter of 1 meter, then divided it into 6 pieces, then select one of the pieces of the circle, it will measure exactly 1 cubit. Since the meter is based on the Earth, then of course, the cubit is also. But there's more to this choice than it it seems. If you look at the remainder of the circle, the arc length will obviously be
Pi - Pi/6 ~ 5 Pi / 6
This is almost exactly the Golden Ratio, and I mean 0.0015% off. An exact match is impossible as can be proven using Galois theory, pi is transcendental to the algebraic numbers which include irrational numbers like the golden ratio (1 + sqrt(5))/2.
Remember the ancient problem of squaring the circle? This is exactly what this measurement and actually most of the dimensions of the pyramid do.
But remember how I mentioned the meter is also a subdivision of the Earth's radius? That polar circumference is roughly ~40,000,000 meter. If you do the math, you'll notice something immediately: Since the pyramid uses this subdivision with pi, it measures ~2 seconds of rotation along the Earth's surface, to 0.4-0.7% depending on which reference you take (height or length).
That means the Pyramid is roughly a 43,200x scale model of geometry related to the Earth. or 400x108. That 400 appears in the meter's Earth subdivision ratio, so 108 seems to be the common base, which in turn is 3*6*6.
Now there is one measure I haven't mentioned yet, and it will probably shock you if you haven't seen it before. The mile. Everyone makes fun of Americans for using the mile when everyone else has "moved on" to the meter. The truth is the two measurements are directly related in a way that's surprising.
But to see that we have to momentarily abandon measurements along the Earth and look to the heavens, the Moon, the Sun and the space between them and the Earth.
The moon itself has a diameter of 2160 miles. If you do a lot of mental arithmetic, you'll see immediately that 2160=108*20. Fascinating right?
What about the Earth? Well, it's kind of impossible to state a general diameter, because the Earth isn't shaped like a sphere, but if we took its volume and squashed it into a precise sphere (i.e. the volumetric radius), its diameter would be ~7920 miles.
That's equal to: 108 * 440/6. Yeah that's the 440 from the cubit measurement. The common factor is 36 when it comes to the moon or the Earth due to the component of 3. When you place the moon on top of the Earth in a diagram as I have in the second image, we get more geometry linking Phi and Pi, and the weirdest thing of all:
The Earth and the Moon seem to be "drawn" on a grid. This is the kind of thing you'd expect from engineered products, not planetary bodies that allegedly were the result of random planetary accretion. Pause of a second and think about it and you'll either see this as a true revelation or a coincidence.
Here's another coincidence for you: The filled pastel circle has a circumference that is almost 8 in the scale of the diagram, i.e. the same as the perimeter of the square. The Earth and the Moon just happen to square the circle as well. Did the choice of the meter play into this little mathematical message?
Ok, two planetary bodies. 0.03% errors, divisions using highly composite numbers that align with our measurements of time, there's still a non-astronomical chance that this is a coincidence.
That is, until you bring the Sun into the picture.
How many seconds are there in a day? If you were in school you probably memorized this calculation:
60 * 60 * 24 = 86,400 seconds.
If someone every tries to quiz you about the diameter of the Sun, you now have a neat trick up your sleeve: multiply the number of seconds in a day by 10, and turn it into miles:
60 * 60 * 24 * 10 miles = 864,000 miles
Is the radius of the sun. In terms of the 108 mile base, that's 8000.
The ratio of the diameter of the moon to the diameter of the sun is exactly 400:
108 * 8000 / 108 * 20 = 400.
Another integer, on a relative grid. Another coincidence surely, the redditor mind will say. Well, no, it cannot be a coincidence and tomorrow you'll see it with your own eyes.
That's because the Earth to Moon distance to Earth to Sun distance during a solar eclipse is exactly 400 as well. It has to be, otherwise the Moon cannot perfectly cover Sun such that we can see only its corona.
But it doesn't quite end there. That's a relative measurement, what about the absolute one?
The distance from the Earth to the Moon during this event is roughly ~108 * the diameter of the Moon.
The distance from the Earth to the Sun is equal to ~108 * the diameter of the sun.
The diameter of the Sun? It's equal 109* the diameter of the Earth. Off by 1, but close.
What does all of this mean? That's up to you. But there is indeed something practical you can take from this.
There is another cycle, other than the year: precession of the equinoxes.
This is almost exactly equal to 240 * 108 = ~25,920 years. The great pyramid itself indicates equinoxes using its 8-fold geometry (please look this up it's amazing). So you have the following things going on:
* The rotation of the Earth around itself (the second hand).
* The rotation of the Earth around the sun (let's call this the minute hand)
And finally the precision cycle represented by the stars. We'll call this a full day in the wheel of time.
The sun rises and sets, and this planet sees a cyclical disaster every half precision cycle. The last one was during the so-called Younger Dryas event, almost exactly half a precession cycle ago. That means we are due for another one, very soon.
Furthermore, it means the indicator of the hour hand is one of the stars or systems associated with it, and the Pyramid's alignment to it. Which could it be?
To figure the answer out to the that we'd have to dive much deeper into the geometry of the site of the pyramid itself as well as the ancient stories about the sky passed down to us since time immemorial. For now, think about all of this as you enjoy the total eclipse tomorrow, leaving you with the ancient riddle of the sphinx:
What starts the day on four legs, goes through the afternoon on two, and ends the day on three.
Man, and his destiny.
/End
[* As an aside the ratio is the perfect 7/11 I drew in that other diagram as you can verify for yourself.]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/HPcRuj5aQAAl2OW.png)
Olivia
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at least I have popcorn
Joined July 2023
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A little Bach accompanied by the sound of rain. For anyone who needs a beautiful, peaceful moment today. ๐ป๐ง๏ธ
we need to talk about japan's minority problem
Truthfully, and I hope many of my peers and colleagues feel the same, working in cybersecurity doing research puts my mind under immense cognitive load.
After many, many, many years of malware development and malware reverse engineering, I discovered it is much healthier for myself to take myself less seriously and make things fun (or try).
Having child-like wonder, being goofy, writing like a moron, is key to survival in the long term. There is a time and place to be silly, and I believe I convey complex ideas, or nuanced thought, in a comical manner which is easy to digest and also more tolerable for my burned out brain.
I'm aware of the many comments of people questioning or criticizing my recent change in demeanor over the last couple of years, but I believe it's a new found skill I've acquired.
Alternatively, maybe I'm a jackass and I'm growing into a larger stinkier jackass.
The Revelation of the Pyramid, the Moon, the Earth and the Sun /๐
It's time for a geometry thread. If people like this an there's a sufficiently positive response I'll dive much deeper into these sorts of things in the future, I've left out almost everything in this thread to make it readable.
๐๐๐๐๐
Those who built the pyramids had the following measures:
degrees (dividing a circle into 6*60, 60 being a highly composite number) -- more on this shortly.
seconds (dividing the day into 2*12 divisions of 60*60 minutes/seconds, 12 being another highly composite number)
meters (meters are a division of the Earth's polar circumference. For some reason the measure 10,000 pops up here, not relevant for the discussion but note its base 10 rather than 60, on the surface.)
Now, meters is probably the most fanciful to all of you, I'm sure you probably won't believe me that a "modern" measure like the meter was used to design the pyramid.
But surely you would believe that they used the royal cubit? The modern tale is it's derived from a human's forearm and palm length. Now you've probably heard this was discovered because they found a bunch of marked sticks. That's not true -- the royal cubit shows up in the geometry of the pyramid itself:
280 cubits high
440 cubits wide *
The most precise location where these measurements are used are in the so-called King's chamber, which has a more complex geometrical base of measurement. In 1865, the Prussian Karl Richard Lepsius determined what the cubit was in meters:
0.5326 meters. This may seem completely random to you, but it isn't and it's actually quite revealing.
This is exactly Pi/6 meters.
If you drew a circle that had a diameter of 1 meter, then divided it into 6 pieces, then select one of the pieces of the circle, it will measure exactly 1 cubit. Since the meter is based on the Earth, then of course, the cubit is also. But there's more to this choice than it it seems. If you look at the remainder of the circle, the arc length will obviously be
Pi - Pi/6 ~ 5 Pi / 6
This is almost exactly the Golden Ratio, and I mean 0.0015% off. An exact match is impossible as can be proven using Galois theory, pi is transcendental to the algebraic numbers which include irrational numbers like the golden ratio (1 + sqrt(5))/2.
Remember the ancient problem of squaring the circle? This is exactly what this measurement and actually most of the dimensions of the pyramid do.
But remember how I mentioned the meter is also a subdivision of the Earth's radius? That polar circumference is roughly ~40,000,000 meter. If you do the math, you'll notice something immediately: Since the pyramid uses this subdivision with pi, it measures ~2 seconds of rotation along the Earth's surface, to 0.4-0.7% depending on which reference you take (height or length).
That means the Pyramid is roughly a 43,200x scale model of geometry related to the Earth. or 400x108. That 400 appears in the meter's Earth subdivision ratio, so 108 seems to be the common base, which in turn is 3*6*6.
Now there is one measure I haven't mentioned yet, and it will probably shock you if you haven't seen it before. The mile. Everyone makes fun of Americans for using the mile when everyone else has "moved on" to the meter. The truth is the two measurements are directly related in a way that's surprising.
But to see that we have to momentarily abandon measurements along the Earth and look to the heavens, the Moon, the Sun and the space between them and the Earth.
The moon itself has a diameter of 2160 miles. If you do a lot of mental arithmetic, you'll see immediately that 2160=108*20. Fascinating right?
What about the Earth? Well, it's kind of impossible to state a general diameter, because the Earth isn't shaped like a sphere, but if we took its volume and squashed it into a precise sphere (i.e. the volumetric radius), its diameter would be ~7920 miles.
That's equal to: 108 * 440/6. Yeah that's the 440 from the cubit measurement. The common factor is 36 when it comes to the moon or the Earth due to the component of 3. When you place the moon on top of the Earth in a diagram as I have in the second image, we get more geometry linking Phi and Pi, and the weirdest thing of all:
The Earth and the Moon seem to be "drawn" on a grid. This is the kind of thing you'd expect from engineered products, not planetary bodies that allegedly were the result of random planetary accretion. Pause of a second and think about it and you'll either see this as a true revelation or a coincidence.
Here's another coincidence for you: The filled pastel circle has a circumference that is almost 8 in the scale of the diagram, i.e. the same as the perimeter of the square. The Earth and the Moon just happen to square the circle as well. Did the choice of the meter play into this little mathematical message?
Ok, two planetary bodies. 0.03% errors, divisions using highly composite numbers that align with our measurements of time, there's still a non-astronomical chance that this is a coincidence.
That is, until you bring the Sun into the picture.
How many seconds are there in a day? If you were in school you probably memorized this calculation:
60 * 60 * 24 = 86,400 seconds.
If someone every tries to quiz you about the diameter of the Sun, you now have a neat trick up your sleeve: multiply the number of seconds in a day by 10, and turn it into miles:
60 * 60 * 24 * 10 miles = 864,000 miles
Is the radius of the sun. In terms of the 108 mile base, that's 8000.
The ratio of the diameter of the moon to the diameter of the sun is exactly 400:
108 * 8000 / 108 * 20 = 400.
Another integer, on a relative grid. Another coincidence surely, the redditor mind will say. Well, no, it cannot be a coincidence and tomorrow you'll see it with your own eyes.
That's because the Earth to Moon distance to Earth to Sun distance during a solar eclipse is exactly 400 as well. It has to be, otherwise the Moon cannot perfectly cover Sun such that we can see only its corona.
But it doesn't quite end there. That's a relative measurement, what about the absolute one?
The distance from the Earth to the Moon during this event is roughly ~108 * the diameter of the Moon.
The distance from the Earth to the Sun is equal to ~108 * the diameter of the sun.
The diameter of the Sun? It's equal 109* the diameter of the Earth. Off by 1, but close.
What does all of this mean? That's up to you. But there is indeed something practical you can take from this.
There is another cycle, other than the year: precession of the equinoxes.
This is almost exactly equal to 240 * 108 = ~25,920 years. The great pyramid itself indicates equinoxes using its 8-fold geometry (please look this up it's amazing). So you have the following things going on:
* The rotation of the Earth around itself (the second hand).
* The rotation of the Earth around the sun (let's call this the minute hand)
And finally the precision cycle represented by the stars. We'll call this a full day in the wheel of time.
The sun rises and sets, and this planet sees a cyclical disaster every half precision cycle. The last one was during the so-called Younger Dryas event, almost exactly half a precession cycle ago. That means we are due for another one, very soon.
Furthermore, it means the indicator of the hour hand is one of the stars or systems associated with it, and the Pyramid's alignment to it. Which could it be?
To figure the answer out to the that we'd have to dive much deeper into the geometry of the site of the pyramid itself as well as the ancient stories about the sky passed down to us since time immemorial. For now, think about all of this as you enjoy the total eclipse tomorrow, leaving you with the ancient riddle of the sphinx:
What starts the day on four legs, goes through the afternoon on two, and ends the day on three.
Man, and his destiny.
/End
[* As an aside the ratio is the perfect 7/11 I drew in that other diagram as you can verify for yourself.]
![cirnosad's tweet photo. The Revelation of the Pyramid, the Moon, the Earth and the Sun /๐
It's time for a geometry thread. If people like this an there's a sufficiently positive response I'll dive much deeper into these sorts of things in the future, I've left out almost everything in this thread to make it readable.
๐๐๐๐๐
Those who built the pyramids had the following measures:
degrees (dividing a circle into 6*60, 60 being a highly composite number) -- more on this shortly.
seconds (dividing the day into 2*12 divisions of 60*60 minutes/seconds, 12 being another highly composite number)
meters (meters are a division of the Earth's polar circumference. For some reason the measure 10,000 pops up here, not relevant for the discussion but note its base 10 rather than 60, on the surface.)
Now, meters is probably the most fanciful to all of you, I'm sure you probably won't believe me that a "modern" measure like the meter was used to design the pyramid.
But surely you would believe that they used the royal cubit? The modern tale is it's derived from a human's forearm and palm length. Now you've probably heard this was discovered because they found a bunch of marked sticks. That's not true -- the royal cubit shows up in the geometry of the pyramid itself:
280 cubits high
440 cubits wide *
The most precise location where these measurements are used are in the so-called King's chamber, which has a more complex geometrical base of measurement. In 1865, the Prussian Karl Richard Lepsius determined what the cubit was in meters:
0.5326 meters. This may seem completely random to you, but it isn't and it's actually quite revealing.
This is exactly Pi/6 meters.
If you drew a circle that had a diameter of 1 meter, then divided it into 6 pieces, then select one of the pieces of the circle, it will measure exactly 1 cubit. Since the meter is based on the Earth, then of course, the cubit is also. But there's more to this choice than it it seems. If you look at the remainder of the circle, the arc length will obviously be
Pi - Pi/6 ~ 5 Pi / 6
This is almost exactly the Golden Ratio, and I mean 0.0015% off. An exact match is impossible as can be proven using Galois theory, pi is transcendental to the algebraic numbers which include irrational numbers like the golden ratio (1 + sqrt(5))/2.
Remember the ancient problem of squaring the circle? This is exactly what this measurement and actually most of the dimensions of the pyramid do.
But remember how I mentioned the meter is also a subdivision of the Earth's radius? That polar circumference is roughly ~40,000,000 meter. If you do the math, you'll notice something immediately: Since the pyramid uses this subdivision with pi, it measures ~2 seconds of rotation along the Earth's surface, to 0.4-0.7% depending on which reference you take (height or length).
That means the Pyramid is roughly a 43,200x scale model of geometry related to the Earth. or 400x108. That 400 appears in the meter's Earth subdivision ratio, so 108 seems to be the common base, which in turn is 3*6*6.
Now there is one measure I haven't mentioned yet, and it will probably shock you if you haven't seen it before. The mile. Everyone makes fun of Americans for using the mile when everyone else has "moved on" to the meter. The truth is the two measurements are directly related in a way that's surprising.
But to see that we have to momentarily abandon measurements along the Earth and look to the heavens, the Moon, the Sun and the space between them and the Earth.
The moon itself has a diameter of 2160 miles. If you do a lot of mental arithmetic, you'll see immediately that 2160=108*20. Fascinating right?
What about the Earth? Well, it's kind of impossible to state a general diameter, because the Earth isn't shaped like a sphere, but if we took its volume and squashed it into a precise sphere (i.e. the volumetric radius), its diameter would be ~7920 miles.
That's equal to: 108 * 440/6. Yeah that's the 440 from the cubit measurement. The common factor is 36 when it comes to the moon or the Earth due to the component of 3. When you place the moon on top of the Earth in a diagram as I have in the second image, we get more geometry linking Phi and Pi, and the weirdest thing of all:
The Earth and the Moon seem to be "drawn" on a grid. This is the kind of thing you'd expect from engineered products, not planetary bodies that allegedly were the result of random planetary accretion. Pause of a second and think about it and you'll either see this as a true revelation or a coincidence.
Here's another coincidence for you: The filled pastel circle has a circumference that is almost 8 in the scale of the diagram, i.e. the same as the perimeter of the square. The Earth and the Moon just happen to square the circle as well. Did the choice of the meter play into this little mathematical message?
Ok, two planetary bodies. 0.03% errors, divisions using highly composite numbers that align with our measurements of time, there's still a non-astronomical chance that this is a coincidence.
That is, until you bring the Sun into the picture.
How many seconds are there in a day? If you were in school you probably memorized this calculation:
60 * 60 * 24 = 86,400 seconds.
If someone every tries to quiz you about the diameter of the Sun, you now have a neat trick up your sleeve: multiply the number of seconds in a day by 10, and turn it into miles:
60 * 60 * 24 * 10 miles = 864,000 miles
Is the radius of the sun. In terms of the 108 mile base, that's 8000.
The ratio of the diameter of the moon to the diameter of the sun is exactly 400:
108 * 8000 / 108 * 20 = 400.
Another integer, on a relative grid. Another coincidence surely, the redditor mind will say. Well, no, it cannot be a coincidence and tomorrow you'll see it with your own eyes.
That's because the Earth to Moon distance to Earth to Sun distance during a solar eclipse is exactly 400 as well. It has to be, otherwise the Moon cannot perfectly cover Sun such that we can see only its corona.
But it doesn't quite end there. That's a relative measurement, what about the absolute one?
The distance from the Earth to the Moon during this event is roughly ~108 * the diameter of the Moon.
The distance from the Earth to the Sun is equal to ~108 * the diameter of the sun.
The diameter of the Sun? It's equal 109* the diameter of the Earth. Off by 1, but close.
What does all of this mean? That's up to you. But there is indeed something practical you can take from this.
There is another cycle, other than the year: precession of the equinoxes.
This is almost exactly equal to 240 * 108 = ~25,920 years. The great pyramid itself indicates equinoxes using its 8-fold geometry (please look this up it's amazing). So you have the following things going on:
* The rotation of the Earth around itself (the second hand).
* The rotation of the Earth around the sun (let's call this the minute hand)
And finally the precision cycle represented by the stars. We'll call this a full day in the wheel of time.
The sun rises and sets, and this planet sees a cyclical disaster every half precision cycle. The last one was during the so-called Younger Dryas event, almost exactly half a precession cycle ago. That means we are due for another one, very soon.
Furthermore, it means the indicator of the hour hand is one of the stars or systems associated with it, and the Pyramid's alignment to it. Which could it be?
To figure the answer out to the that we'd have to dive much deeper into the geometry of the site of the pyramid itself as well as the ancient stories about the sky passed down to us since time immemorial. For now, think about all of this as you enjoy the total eclipse tomorrow, leaving you with the ancient riddle of the sphinx:
What starts the day on four legs, goes through the afternoon on two, and ends the day on three.
Man, and his destiny.
/End
[* As an aside the ratio is the perfect 7/11 I drew in that other diagram as you can verify for yourself.]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/HPcTIKzasAEvZrB.png)
@flandretvrn Welcome back Tokar!
ใพใ ใขใคในใฏใชใผใ ใ้ฃในใใใงใใ
so cute
Relativistic Soliton Mechanics
By Korobochka 31.12.2025
The derivation of the Schrรถdinger equation, the Planck relation, ... with quantum mechanics emerging in the form of the unique low-energy limit of nonlinear electromagnetism under Lorentz invariance.
https://t.co/QjoHDn6BhH
@vxunderground At least they shut-down th AI toilet after the bidet incident. โYouโre right Dave, thats your face not your ass. Thanks for correcting me.โ When Dave lost the ensuing fight, it was clearly over for bidAI
1ๆใฎๆใใ็ตตใใAIๅ็ปใไฝใฃใฆใทใงใผใMVใซใใพใใใๆฒใAIใ
I created an AI-generated video from a single hand-drawn illustration, and then produced a short music video using those clips. The music is also AI-generated.
Content generated by artificial intelligence algorithms reduces variety and poignant outliers.
As Plato would have known, this harms viewers by training them to want and expect conformism and uniformity.
Read the new article by @agathomai (link below):
My entire life I've been a Windows guy. I loved Windows.
Now I hate Windows and I especially hate Microsoft. Windows is slop.
My only hold up was gaming, but I don't even really game anymore. Games are slop too.
@cirnosad Barrel chest - a symptom of an underlying condition (usually lung related)
@SteamGamesPC dawg u gotta delete this lmfao
AI Economic Meltdown: The Coming Expert Squeeze /๐งต
There is a frenzy today that is seemingly unstoppable -- the process of replacing human workers with AI. On another front, the idea that AI has now reached a level beyond the smartest human beings is promoted by CEOs like Sam Altman, Dario Amodei and Elon Musk. In cases where humans aren't replaced, they're expected to augment themselves with AI models to increase their productivity.
On the opposing side, there are people who speak of the technology as impractical, overhyped or down right dangerous. This thread is going to take a different angle to these people: I will demonstrate not only this replacement will become a self-fulfilling prophecy, but why we are locked into this process (which has become an inescapable ponzi scheme) and it will culminate in the destruction of western economies.
In this short thread I'm going to show you why, starting with the economic feedback loops, the limitations of the technology, and finally human psychological dependency and the incentive process. To bring it all together, I will explain why the entire western economy is now dependent on this hype, and why the alternative is also collapse of a different kind.
I will start with the main driver of this trend: the economy.
@ThatYuta Milkyโญ๏ธSubway looks good
้จๅคใฎไฟกๅทๆฉใฏ90็งใงไธ็ใๅ่ปขใใใ
@ThatYuta โI get a bit flustered when receiving a complimentโ may be close. โBashfulโ has a playful sense to it, so like โyouโre making me blushโ etc.
Let us first immerse ourselves in Renaissance Europe to fully appreciate the scientific, philosophical, religious and ultimately political context which resulted in the veil over our eyes today.
We begin in 1440, when the German inventor Johannes Gutenberg invented printing press. This device allowed new and old ideas could be propagated at great speed, enabling advancements in technology, literacy and even artistic pursuits. It was the social media of the time, but like every tool that could do good, it could also cause great harm!
In the early 1500s, Martin Luther used the printing press to succeed where his predecessors failed, launching the protestant reformation and sinking Europe into chaos. The catholic church's normal methods of dealing with such "heretics" did not work, and in the aftermath the church became far more defensive and inflexible towards any challenge to its authority.
In the meantime, the literacy rates across Europe skyrocketed, creating the perfect conditions for advancements in technology -- and the need for reading glasses. This meant lens making techniques would have to advance rapidly, creating a demand for optics books, which the printing press readily provided. These two technologies had a synergistic economy with each feeding demand for the other. One particular town in the Netherlands, Middelburg in the Zeeland province, became the centre of excellence for lens making. In 1608, this resulted in the invention of the telescope, which would finally put some cosmic assertions under the test.
Two years later, Galileo would use this telescope to make a discovery that would change the course of history despite it being a very minor one in retrospect. To understand why, we have to take a little step back from technology and science, then step into the world of philosophy and theology.
The catholic church's authority was coming under challenge, and its teleology through papacy undermined. The church, at the time, favoured the Aquinas scholasticism which was a more complex and purposeful method than the Hegelian dialectic most people today would be familiar with.
At the time, Europe had largely adopted an Aristotelian metaphysical view, after much of his work was transmitted to the continent via the Moors of Spain. Aquinas developed the scholastic method by which opposing viewpoints can be reconciled, usually to reinforce the Catholic church's scriptural viewpoints, without contradicting the trends of the time. This became exceedingly difficult as more observations of the cosmos and nature became known. Yet, the church still preferred this gradual approach which protected teleology while ontology and epistemology flourished -- fulfilling the church's guardianship role.
One particularly troublesome conflict was the 3rd century AD Ptolemaic model of our Solar system, inspired by Aristotle. In this Ptolemaic model, all the planets, stars and our current sun (Sol) orbited the Earth, with a twist! They all went through epicycles along their orbit, compensating for the motion of the Earth around the sun.
It only takes a moment of consideration to find an issue with this model: Due to Mercury and Venus's closer proximity to the sun, their epicycles would have to overlap each other's and the moon's. This means that we should see "phase cycles" that the Ptolemaic model could not account for and these were only observable by the telescope! The Ptolemaic model which established the Earth as the centre of the universe with everything else orbiting, couldn't be right. Well before the telescope's invention, Copernicus had already worked this out by doing away with the epicycles altogether:
This was not accepted however, and without any contradictory observations, people held on to existing views. Why would the church even care about this? As the Catholic church's (and almost every other mainstream sect) maintains that all its canon scripture was divinely inspired, these particular verses would create an obvious contradiction:
Psalm 104:5 - "He set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved."
Psalm 93:1 - "The world is firmly established; it cannot be moved."
Psalm 96:10 - "Say among the nations, 'The Lord reigns.' The world is firmly established, it cannot be moved."
1 Chronicles 16:30: "Tremble before him, all the earth! The world is firmly established; it cannot be moved."
In 1610 Galileo made the inevitable observation of multiple phases of Venus, and quietly shared his empirical work in 1611. Jesuit astronomers took notice, and readily replicated the result. Cardinal Robert Bellarmine requested a formal opinion from the Collegio Romano mathematicians. They came up with the perfect solution that accommodated the church's requirements: Adopting the Tychonian model, nearly identical to an even older 4th century BC model by Heraclides*, where the Sun, Moon and stars orbit the Earth, and the planets orbit the Sun:
Galileo published his Venus observations in 1611, but did not advocate for any particular view. He was someone who even taught the geocentric model, and it took him until 1613 to accept his own observations and begin to advocate for the heliocentric model. He wrote a letter to the Italian mathematician Benedetto Castelli where he made a very bold statement, that his empirical results took primacy over scripture -- and that the latter should only be a matter of faith.
Just three years later, the church declared the heliocentric model, and Copernicus, heretical. Galileo was formally warned by the church, but continued to advocate for it in private and conduct research in this direction. In 1632, he published a work "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" which he set up as a scholastic argument, advocating for the geocentric model.
In the book, dialogue took place between three fictional characters:
Salviati (representing Galileo)
Simplicio (the word resembling sempliciotto which means 'simpleton')
And an observer, Sagredo.
In the book, Salviati made amazing arguments, while Simplicio struggled. More corrosively, the Pope (Urban VIII), had made almost identical arguments to this character. To maintain plausible deniability, Sagredo would declare no winner at the end of the book.
The Pope, who was so far quite lenient towards Galileo, felt rightfully betrayed by this mockery and straw-manning.
Just six month later, Pope Urban VIII placed the book on a ban list, ordering a halt to its distribution. The printing presses complied, and even protestants did not like Galileo's actions. He was placed under house arrest shortly afterwards, and conducted some research on inertia which we will revisit later in the thread.
Galileo was what you would call a scientist today, concerned with empirical observations more so than scriptural interpretation. He, like any nerd today, failed to read the room and paid the price for it. He didn't appreciate the complicated political, theological and societal considerations that the church had to balance. So he got cancelled for his trouble.
A far more politically adept albeit destructively secretive observer, Rene Descartes, correctly read the room. He was writing a book (Le Monde) advocating heliocentrism, but immediately ceased work on it in light of Galileo's arrest. As this represented many years of his work, this surely left a very bitter taste in his mouth. After Galileo's arrest, Descartes saw the scholastic method along with theology in general, as a barrier to what he thought of as progress. A barrier that needed to be torn down along with the history and perhaps even the deity behind him.
Descartes was Jesuit educated, and somewhat politically adept, but extremely hard to collaborate with and not a particularly good mathematician. Despite the fanfare over his various contributions, other than one polynomial curve, none of them were particularly new -- he just understood the correct way to publicise himself. As you will soon see, Descartes was indeed more of an influencer than either a mathematician or a philosopher. In his discussions with Fermat, he often misrepresented his work and stubbornly held onto his own inferior and sometimes incorrect assertions.
Despite his lack of scholarly skills, his work would soon leave its mark on the world -- creating nightmares beyond our imagination while inducing amnesia upon the Earth.
Next up, let's dive into his "philosophical" works, being careful not to make the mistake of engaging with his theatre and as you will soon discover, the dark ritual he imposed on his readers.
* Heraclides had Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, the Sun orbit the Earth, and everything else including the Sun orbit the Earth with epicycles.
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