Omprakash Chandra

I work on quantum error correction, and error recovery | 🇮🇳 | Ph.D. Student, @Macquarie_Uni | @SydneyQuantum |@ARC_EQUS| Integrated MSc(Physics), @IITKgp ‘20

[Anthony Leverrier @letonyo]

https://t.co/QBAPF7Or8P

[Millie Marconi @MillieMarconnni]

A Dutch computer scientist gave one lecture in 1988 arguing that programming is unlike anything humans have ever tried to do before, and the reason most software on earth is broken is that we are still teaching it as if it were a hobby.

His name was Edsger Dijkstra. He won the Turing Award in 1972. He invented the shortest path algorithm that every GPS on earth still runs on.

He wrote the paper that killed the goto statement in modern programming languages.

He spent 50 years quietly being one of the most consequential thinkers in the entire history of computer science, and he was in a very bad mood by the time he stood up at the ACM Computer Science Conference in 1988 to deliver the lecture that almost nobody at the conference wanted to hear.

The lecture was called On the Cruelty of Really Teaching Computer Science.

It is now one of the most cited papers in the entire history of computing education. It was filed in his archive as EWD1036, handwritten in his careful fountain-pen calligraphy because he refused to use a typewriter and famously refused to use email for the rest of his life.

The argument was simple and uncomfortable.

Programming, Dijkstra said, is a radical novelty. Not a new tool. Not a new skill. Not a faster version of something humans already knew how to do. A genuinely new category of intellectual activity that has no real precedent in the entire history of the human species, and our brains have not been built to handle it.

Here is what he meant by that.

When a programmer writes a line of high-level code and presses run, that single line might trigger a billion operations at the level of the silicon.

The ratio between the abstraction you are working in and the physical events you are actually causing is roughly one billion to one. No engineer in history before computing ever had to reason about a system spanning that kind of ratio inside their own head.

A bridge builder reasons about steel beams and the physics of weight. A surgeon reasons about organs and the physics of tissue. A chemist reasons about molecules and the physics of bonds.

All of them are working inside ratios of physical scale where the largest and smallest things they need to think about are within a few orders of magnitude of each other.

A programmer routinely writes one line that orchestrates a billion physical events on a chip, and is expected to predict the behavior of all of them in advance.

Dijkstra argued that the human brain was simply not built for this. Every intuition we have evolved over hundreds of thousands of years comes from a world of medium-sized objects behaving in continuous ways. Computing is the opposite. It is discrete, not continuous.

A program that runs perfectly a billion times can crash on the billion-and-first iteration because of a single bit. A single character missing from a line of code can take down a power grid. There is no margin. There is no graceful degradation. The system either works or does not, and the only way to know is to actually run it.

This was the part of the lecture where Dijkstra made everyone in the room uncomfortable.

He said the way computer science was being taught in universities was a quiet disaster. Professors were teaching programming the way carpenters teach woodworking. With examples. With metaphors. With analogies to things students already understood. Files are like folders. Memory is like a desk. A function is like a recipe.

Dijkstra said this was actively making it harder for students to think clearly. The whole point of a radical novelty is that there is nothing in your past experience to compare it to.

The moment you start reaching for metaphors, you are smuggling in old intuitions that do not apply, and those intuitions will betray you the first time you try to reason about a system the metaphor was not built to describe.

His exact line was this: the usual way in which we plan today for tomorrow is in yesterday's vocabulary. And yesterday's vocabulary, he argued, was killing the field.

The reason most software is broken is downstream of this single misunderstanding. Programmers are taught to think of code as a craft. Something you get a feel for.

Something you pick up through practice. Something where intuition gets sharper with experience.

Dijkstra said this is exactly backwards. Programming is not a craft. It is closer to mathematics than to carpentry, and the moment you treat it as a craft, you guarantee that the software you produce will be full of the kind of bugs that craftsmanship cannot catch.

The fix, in his view, was to teach programming the way mathematics is taught. You should be able to prove your program correct before you run it.

You should reason about your code formally, the way a mathematician reasons about a theorem, not the way a carpenter feels their way through a joint. The students who learned this way, he said, would walk out of their classes with a kind of confidence that no amount of typing practice could produce.

The lecture was published in Communications of the ACM in 1989. The field did not listen. Universities kept teaching programming the same way.

Software kept getting bigger. Bugs kept compounding. By 2026, almost every piece of software on earth has known security vulnerabilities, undefined behaviors, and edge cases that nobody has ever proven safe. The doom that Dijkstra warned about in 1988 is now the default condition of the digital world we have built.

The deeper lesson is the one most readers miss the first time through.

Dijkstra was not just talking about software. He was making a much bigger point about how humans learn anything that is genuinely new. The instinct to translate the unfamiliar into the familiar is the most natural thing in the world.

It is also the single biggest obstacle to actually understanding something that has no precedent. If you keep reaching for analogies, you will never see the new thing clearly. You will only see your old framework projected onto it.

This is happening right now with AI. The same instinct that made people learn programming through metaphors of files and folders is making people understand large language models through metaphors of brains and people.

Almost every framework being used to describe AI in 2026 is borrowed from a previous domain. None of them quite fit. The few people who are actually building useful intuitions about how these systems work are the ones who have done what Dijkstra recommended forty years ago.

They have set down the old vocabulary. They have looked at the new thing on its own terms. They have accepted that the radical novelty is radical for a reason.

You are not slow. You were taught a discipline as if it were a hobby. The cruelty is real.

The fix is still available.

[Rohan Paul @rohanpaul_ai]

Terence Tao: "We lived in a world with cognitive friction until very recently, where every task required us to use our brain.

So we didn't really think about it, we just thought this was the cost of doing something intellectual. But now we have AI and the other technologies that can bring these frictions down to zero."

Most research time is not spent having cinematic insights.

It is spent checking cases, chasing references, translating intuition into computation, testing a path, finding it false, and deciding whether the failure taught you anything.

AI changes the cost of that loop.

Terence Tao says that now he can try “crazier things,” and that makes so much difference. Because unconventional ideas are often not rejected by proof, but by inconvenience.

A mathematician may avoid a strange direction not because it is foolish, but because the bookkeeping, coding, or literature search needed to test it is too expensive for a hunch.

This is where cognitive friction becomes scientific friction.

Lowering it does not make taste, judgment, or proof disappear; it makes more weak signals cheap enough to inspect before they are abandoned.

AI is making hesitation less expensive, and that is often where discovery begins.

[Anthony Leverrier @letonyo]

Self-correcting quantum memories exist in 3D!?!
Huge congrats to the authors!
https://t.co/yXvsjIJAvC

[Omprakash Chandra @OP__Chandra]

@FrancescoMeleAn Great stuff 👏

[Life between overs @OversLife]

3 balls.

And suddenly you understood
why they called him…

“The Whispering Death.” ☠️

The action of a Rolls-Royce.
The fury of a nightmare.

Michael Holding vs Australia.

[Omprakash Chandra @OP__Chandra]

@IRanMediaco @grok is this true?

[Larry Cohen @QuantumLarry]

excited to share some of what we’ve been cooking up at Iceberg. we introduce fast surgery, a method for performing logic in qldpc codes quicker. check out our blog post.

https://t.co/UiatdvZl2i

[Iceberg Quantum @IcebergQuantum]

We're working with Diraq to accelerate the path to useful quantum computing with spin qubits.

https://t.co/1WuPStX0t9

[Omprakash Chandra @OP__Chandra]

@Judhajeet1 @gcanupama @sbarway @starlabiitb @ravioli1369 @Shatakshi_C @pixelbrew_ @astronomoid @IIABengaluru 👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻

[Omprakash Chandra @OP__Chandra]

@CraigGidney Great tool Craig. Has been really helpful to me last year.

[Omprakash Chandra @OP__Chandra]

@Judhajeet1 @scg @cricbuzz @StarSportsIndia @FoxCricket Yes 🙌

[Omprakash Chandra @OP__Chandra]

5th test, Day-1 #BGT2024 #BGT2025
@scg @cricbuzz @StarSportsIndia @FoxCricket

[Harsha Bhogle @bhogleharsha]

This is so beautiful and moving. @DGukesh. #WorldChampion

[Omprakash Chandra @OP__Chandra]

@letonyo 😂 pure entertainment

[Craig Gidney @CraigGidney]

Been working on "Magic state cultivation: growing T states as cheap as CNOT gates" all year. It's finally out: https://t.co/VxQsZQJcDE

The reign of the T gate is coming to an end. It's now nearly the cost of a lattice surgery CNOT gate, and I bet there's more improvements yet.

[John Preskill @preskill]

I'm excited to be in Zurich, where I'll be giving the Wolfgang Pauli Lectures this week @ETH_en.
https://t.co/JsBCyQadf2

[Omprakash Chandra @OP__Chandra]

#QEC #LDPC #QuantumComputing #NeutralAtoms

[Omprakash Chandra @OP__Chandra]

Our new work on using cavity-assisted neutral atoms for implementing non-local LDPC codes like hypergraph product is now on arXiv! 🚀 @wgopu @gavin_brennen

Check out the full details here: 🌐🔗 https://t.co/dZx7IGw8Di

[Omprakash Chandra @OP__Chandra]

@Judhajeet1 @isro Great stuff 🫂