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Mario Laul
@mlphresearch
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1/11 In early modern Italian republics, the journals of bankers were considered public records, the contents of which could not be contested in court. The handling of these journals was therefore strictly regulated. Entries had to be made in the physical presence of...
@TrustlessState You guys got played by hard money ideologues :)
@hosseeb Anyone can go and read what Finney wrote on the topic and make up their own mind. For example:
https://t.co/DrBpEmFHxb
Squads is building Altitude, a suite of stablecoin- and blockchain-native financial services for businesses. If you're running a business and are weighing different options, check out https://t.co/2zHlbvuGEh
Businesses no longer need a bank account.
We've raised $18M on this bet.
Go https://t.co/IluqZrBOmA
@drakefjustin Thank you for the summary!
Today is a monumentous day for quantum computing and cryptography. Two breakthrough papers just landed (links in next tweet). Both papers improve Shor's algorithm, infamous for cracking RSA and elliptic curve cryptography. The two results compound, optimising separate layers of the quantum stack. The results are shocking. I expect a narrative shift and a further R&D boost toward post-quantum cryptography.
The first paper is by Google Quantum AI. They tackle the (logical) Shor algorithm, tailoring it to crack Bitcoin and Ethereum signatures. The algorithm runs on ~1K logical qubits for the 256-bit elliptic curve secp256k1. Due to the low circuit depth, a fast superconducting computer would recover private keys in minutes. I'm grateful to have joined as a late paper co-author, in large part for the chance to interact with experts and the alpha gleaned from internal discussions.
The second paper is by a stealthy startup called Oratomic, with ex-Google and prominent Caltech faculty. Their starting point is Google's improvements to the logical quantum circuit. They then apply improvements at the physical layer, with tricks specific to neutral atom quantum computers. The result estimates that 26,000 atomic qubits are sufficient to break 256-bit elliptic curve signatures. This would be roughly a 40x improvement in physical qubit count over previous state-of-the-art. On the flip side, a single Shor run would take ~10 days due to the relatively slow speed of neutral atoms.
Below are my key takeaways. As a disclaimer, I am not a quantum expert. Time is needed for the results to be properly vetted. Based on my interactions with the team, I have faith the Google Quantum AI results are conservative. The Oratomic paper is much harder for me to assess, especially because of the use of more exotic qLDPC codes. I will take it with a grain of salt until the dust settles.
→ q-day: My confidence in q-day by 2032 has shot up significantly. IMO there's at least a 10% chance that by 2032 a quantum computer recovers a secp256k1 ECDSA private key from an exposed public key. While a cryptographically-relevant quantum computer (CRQC) before 2030 still feels unlikely, now is undoubtedly the time to start preparing.
→ censorship: The Google paper uses a zero-knowledge (ZK) proof to demonstrate the algorithm's existence without leaking actual optimisations. From now on, assume state-of-the-art algorithms will be censored. There may be self-censorship for moral or commercial reasons, or because of government pressure. A blackout in academic publications would be a tell-tale sign.
→ cracking time: A superconducting quantum computer, the type Google is building, could crack keys in minutes. This is because the optimised quantum circuit is just 100M Toffoli gates, which is surprisingly shallow. (Toffoli gates are hard because they require production of so-called "magic states".) Toffoli gates would consume ~10 microseconds on a superconducting platform, totalling ~1,000 sec of Shor runtime.
→ latency optimisations: Two latency optimisations bring key cracking time to single-digit minutes. The first parallelises computation across quantum devices. The second involves feeding the pubkey to the quantum computer mid-flight, after a generic setup phase.
→ fast- and slow-clock: At first approximation there are two families of quantum computers. The fast-clock flavour, which includes superconducting and photonic architectures, runs at roughly 100 kHz. The slow-clock flavour, which includes trapped ion and neutral atom architectures, runs roughly 1,000x slower (~100 Hz, or ~1 week to crack a single key).
→ qubit count: The size-optimised variant of the algorithm runs on 1,200 logical qubits. On a superconducting computer with surface code error correction that's roughly 500K physical qubits, a 400:1 physical-to-logical ratio. The surface code is conservative, assuming only four-way nearest-neighbour grid connectivity. It was demonstrated last year by Google on a real quantum computer.
→ future gains: Low-hanging fruit is still being picked, with at least one of the Google optimisations resulting from a surprisingly simple observation. Interestingly, AI was not (yet!) tasked to find optimisations. This was also the first time authors such as Craig Gidney attacked elliptic curves (as opposed to RSA). Shor logical qubit count could plausibly go under 1K soonish.
→ error correction: The physical-to-logical ratio for superconducting computers could go under 100:1. For superconducting computers that would be mean ~100K physical qubits for a CRQC, two orders of magnitude away from state of the art. Neutral atoms quantum computers are amenable to error correcting codes other than the surface code. While much slower to run, they can bring down the physical to logical qubit ratio closer to 10:1.
→ Bitcoin PoW: Commercially-viable Bitcoin PoW via Grover's algorithm is not happening any time soon. We're talking decades, possibly centuries away. This observation should help focus the discussion on ECDSA and Schnorr. (Side note: as unofficial Bitcoin security researcher, I still believe Bitcoin PoW is cooked due to the dwindling security budget.)
→ team quality: The folks at Google Quantum AI are the real deal. Craig Gidney (@CraigGidney) is arguably the world's top quantum circuit optimisooor. Just last year he squeezed 10x out of Shor for RSA, bringing the physical qubit count down from 10M to 1M. Special thanks to the Google team for patiently answering all my newb questions with detailed, fact-based answers. I was expecting some hype, but found none.
+1
In my view, markets are underestimating systemic risks of Middle East War and overestimating systemics risks of private credit
Banks want to get onchain without becoming stablecoin issuers. Stablecoin issuers want to compete with banks without being forced to get banking licenses.
I finally read the whole document. While I understand where some of the criticism is coming from, I have to say: reading the EF Mandate made me proud and excited to be involved with crypto and I'm glad not only that this document exists but, more importantly, that it comes from the foundation of a leading smart contract platform. These principles, presented in this format and at this moment in time, may not be everyone’s cup of tea, but it’s valuable to have them as part of what passes for "crypto" these days.
Today, the Foundation’s Board released the EF Mandate.
This document, which was first intended for EF members, reaffirms the promise of Ethereum, and the role of EF within this ecosystem.
Another major development that further legitimizes crypto for TradFi and will help it grow on the institutional front.
https://t.co/O6Kk4Q4LX4
This is a major development for stablecoins and thus onchain finance more broadly.
This is a major development for stablecoins and thus onchain finance more broadly.
The SEC just handed crypto its most important win of the year so far, but nobody’s really talking about it.
Here’s what actually happened today, and what comes next.
ENSv2 will be deployed exclusively on Ethereum.
https://t.co/lCUmvhcRmH
Cathartic. Finally. And great for Ethereum. IMO.
There have recently been some discussions on the ongoing role of L2s in the Ethereum ecosystem, especially in the face of two facts:
* L2s' progress to stage 2 (and, secondarily, on interop) has been far slower and more difficult than originally expected
* L1 itself is scaling, fees are very low, and gaslimits are projected to increase greatly in 2026
Both of these facts, for their own separate reasons, mean that the original vision of L2s and their role in Ethereum no longer makes sense, and we need a new path.
First, let us recap the original vision. Ethereum needs to scale. The definition of "Ethereum scaling" is the existence of large quantities of block space that is backed by the full faith and credit of Ethereum - that is, block space where, if you do things (including with ETH) inside that block space, your activities are guaranteed to be valid, uncensored, unreverted, untouched, as long as Ethereum itself functions. If you create a 10000 TPS EVM where its connection to L1 is mediated by a multisig bridge, then you are not scaling Ethereum.
This vision no longer makes sense. L1 does not need L2s to be "branded shards", because L1 is itself scaling. And L2s are not able or willing to satisfy the properties that a true "branded shard" would require. I've even seen at least one explicitly saying that they may never want to go beyond stage 1, not just for technical reasons around ZK-EVM safety, but also because their customers' regulatory needs require them to have ultimate control. This may be doing the right thing for your customers. But it should be obvious that if you are doing this, then you are not "scaling Ethereum" in the sense meant by the rollup-centric roadmap. But that's fine! it's fine because Ethereum itself is now scaling directly on L1, with large planned increases to its gas limit this year and the years ahead.
We should stop thinking about L2s as literally being "branded shards" of Ethereum, with the social status and responsibilities that this entails. Instead, we can think of L2s as being a full spectrum, which includes both chains backed by the full faith and credit of Ethereum with various unique properties (eg. not just EVM), as well as a whole array of options at different levels of connection to Ethereum, that each person (or bot) is free to care about or not care about depending on their needs.
What would I do today if I were an L2?
* Identify a value add other than "scaling". Examples: (i) non-EVM specialized features/VMs around privacy, (ii) efficiency specialized around a particular application, (iii) truly extreme levels of scaling that even a greatly expanded L1 will not do, (iv) a totally different design for non-financial applications, eg. social, identity, AI, (v) ultra-low-latency and other sequencing properties, (vi) maybe built-in oracles or decentralized dispute resolution or other "non-computationally-verifiable" features
* Be stage 1 at the minimum (otherwise you really are just a separate L1 with a bridge, and you should just call yourself that) if you're doing things with ETH or other ethereum-issued assets
* Support maximum interoperability with Ethereum, though this will differ for each one (eg. what if you're not EVM, or even not financial?)
From Ethereum's side, over the past few months I've become more convinced of the value of the native rollup precompile, particuarly once we have enshrined ZK-EVM proofs that we need anyway to scale L1. This is a precompile that verifies a ZK-EVM proof, and it's "part of Ethereum", so (i) it auto-upgrades along with Ethereum, and (ii) if the precompile has a bug, Ethereum will hard-fork to fix the bug.
The native rollup precompile would make full, security-council-free, EVM verification accessible. We should spend much more time working out how to design it in such a way that if your L2 is "EVM plus other stuff", then the native rollup precompile would verify the EVM, and you only have to bring your own prover for the "other stuff" (eg. Stylus). This might involve a canonical way of exposing a lookup table between contract call inputs and outputs, and letting you provide your own values to the lookup table (that you would prove separately).
This would make it easy to have safe, strong, trustless interoperability with Ethereum. It also enables synchronous composability (see: https://t.co/9jy6v1X6Fw and https://t.co/gZmu3YjebM ). And from there, it's each L2's choice exactly what they want to build. Don't just "extend L1", figure out something new to add.
This of course means that some will add things that are trust-dependent, or backdoored, or otherwise insecure; this is unavoidable in a permissionless ecosystem where developers have freedom. Our job should make to make it clear to users what guarantees they have, and to build up the strongest Ethereum that we can.
Ethereum is the #1 choice for global financial institutions.
Over the last few months, adoption has accelerated. Here are 35 stories of how institutions are building on Ethereum.
1/ @krakenfx launched xStocks on Ethereum, issuing tokenized versions of popular U.S. stocks and ETFs as ERC-20 tokens.
Kraken’s eligible clients can now deposit and withdraw fully collateralized equities, directly on Ethereum.
2/ @OndoFinance launched Ondo Global Markets on Ethereum with 100+ tokenized U.S. stocks & ETFs.
24/7 access to programmable equities, backed by real securities, is now available alongside DeFi integrations for lending, trading, and more.
3/ @ChinaAMC_HK launched its Select USD Money Market Fund on Ethereum, one of the first tokenized funds from a major Chinese asset manager.
One of Asia’s largest firms (over $449B AUM) now provides access to high-quality, short-term USD instruments with 24/7 settlement.
4/ @Fidelity introduced the FDIT tokenized money market fund on Ethereum.
The Fidelity Digital Interest Token (FDIT) brings the bank’s investors the speed of onchain settlement alongside the stability of traditional instruments.
5/ @Google announced the Agent Payments Protocol (AP2), enabling AI agents to autonomously execute payments using stablecoins on Ethereum.
Built in collaboration with The Ethereum Foundation, Coinbase, MetaMask, and others, AP2 allows AI to transact securely, bridging the gap between automated intelligence and finance.
6/ @UBS, @PostFinance, @sygnumofficial, and the Swiss Bankers Association successfully piloted Deposit Tokens on Ethereum.
By demonstrating legally binding cross-bank settlement on Ethereum’s public infrastructure, the proof-of-concept paves the way for programmable, instant, cross-institution settlement.
7/ Santander’s @openbank_es launched ETH trading services in Germany, allowing customers to buy, sell, and custody ETH directly through their bank accounts.
This integration is a strong signal of institutional confidence in ETH under MiCa regulation.
8/ @AmericanExpress launched Amex Passport, blockchain-based travel stamps minted as NFTs on Ethereum L2 @base.
Cardholders can now create an onchain record of experiences and memories from international trips, blending loyalty rewards with digital ownership.
9/ The first tokenized S&P 500 Index Fund licensed by @SPDJIndices, SPXA, was launched by @centrifuge on Base.
10/ SWIFT and 30+ banks are designing a blockchain ledger to support tokenized assets and real-time, 24/7 cross-border payments alongside existing financial systems, starting with a prototype with Consensys.
@swiftcommunity connecting 11,500+ institutions globally will create a bridge between traditional finance and onchain value.
11/ @SocieteGenerale FORGE, an integrated subsidiary of the 161-year-old commercial bank, deployed EURCV & USDCV lending and trading on Ethereum DeFi protocols Morpho and Uniswap.
One of the largest custodians in Europe now provides institutional-grade collateral and liquidity for DeFi markets.
12/ @Stripe expanded its crypto support on Ethereum to include stablecoin-based subscriptions and recurring billing.
Hundreds of thousands of companies that use Stripe can now accept USDC for subscriptions with automatic renewals, building on Ethereum for lower-cost payments with near-instant settlement.
13/ @Securitize and @FGNexusio tokenized the FGNX stock on Ethereum, representing the first NASDAQ-listed preferred equity issued fully onchain.
Ethereum is the platform to build programmable assets that bring public markets to the digital age.
14/ @AntGroup, the fintech behind @Alipay, launched @JovayNetwork, a L2 for institutional tokenization.
The company behind one of the world's largest retail platforms is now building global institutional settlement for tokenized assets on Ethereum.
15/ @jpyc_official launched the world's first yen-pegged regulated stablecoin on Ethereum.
Complaint, programmable yen transactions are now available worldwide, backed 1:1 by yen reserves under Japan’s Payment Services Act.
16/ @BNYglobal and Securitize announced a tokenized AAA-rated CLO fund on Ethereum.
Institutional credit moving onchain brings liquidity and transparency to traditional asset classes.
17/ Google partnered with @Polymarket, integrating onchain prediction market data to Google search results.
The largest search provider now leverages the Ethereum ecosystem as a primary source of truth.
18/ @StartaleGroup released the Startale App, a SuperApp for @soneium's growing Ethereum L2.
Mainstream users in the Soneium L2 ecosystem can now access simple onchain interactions and rewards with a unified platform for wallets, assets, and apps.
19/ @jpmorgan migrated its tokenized deposit product, JPM Coin (JPMD), from its internal permissioned blockchain to Base.
Moving from a private chain to an Ethereum L2 will meet demand from JPMorgan’s institutional clients for payments, collateral, and margin settlement on public infrastructure.
20/ @Mastercard announced it will build on Ethereum L2 @0xPolygon to expand its Crypto Credential program to self-custody wallets.
Working with @mercuryo_io, the expansion will allow Mastercard users to send crypto using verified, human-readable aliases.
21/ @Amundi_ENG, Europe’s largest asset manager ($2.75T AUM), launched a tokenized share class of its euro money market fund on Ethereum mainnet.
Bringing traditional cash management onchain unlocks 24/7 settlement and composability for euro-denominated capital.
22/ Sony Bank announced plans to launch a USD-pegged stablecoin on @soneium, its Ethereum L2, in early 2026.
From gaming to finance, Sony is building its ecosystem’s home base on Ethereum.
23/ @WisdomTreeEU introduced the world’s first physically-backed ETP for @LidoFinance Staked Ether.
The fund will provide European investors with regulated exposure to the spot price of stETH and its ETH staking rewards.
24/ The @CFTC announced a pilot program that will allow ETH, BTC, and USDC to be used as collateral in US derivatives markets, alongside new guidance on using tokenized assets as collateral.
This marks a significant shift in how ETH and other digital assets can be integrated into regulated US markets.
25/ @BlackRock filed for a staked ETH ETF.
Following the success of their spot ETH ETF, this filing seeks to unlock the value of Ethereum's native staking reward rate for traditional investors.
26/ The @ADI_Foundation, backed by IHC, announced the mainnet launch of institutional L2 @ADIChain_, part of the @zksync Elastic Network.
Supported by the UAE's largest conglomerate, ADIChain will host the country's regulated stablecoins and aims to bring 1 billion people onchain across the Middle East, Asia and Africa.
27/ JP Morgan launched MONY, their first tokenized money market fund, on Ethereum mainnet.
The firm seeded the fund with $100M of its own capital, signaling their commitment to public chain tokenization.
28/ @coinbase announced Coinbase Tokenize, built on Base, as their new end-to-end institutional platform for tokenizing RWAs.
Combining issuance, custody, compliance, trading, and infrastructure, the new product will streamline the process of bringing assets like tokenized stocks, equities, funds, and real estate onchain in the Ethereum ecosystem.
29/ @RobinhoodApp added 500 tokenized assets on @arbitrum, bringing their platform to nearly 2000 assets tokenized.
With over $14M in total tokenized value, Robinhood continues deepening their integration with Ethereum’s L2 ecosystem.
30/ @BlackRock, @Mastercard, and @FTI_Global partnered with the ADI Foundation in the UAE, builders of the ADIChain L2.
The group will explore tokenized asset structures, digital asset regulatory frameworks, stablecoin settlement, and cross-border payment infrastructure.
31/ @SoFi became the first national US retail bank to issue a stablecoin (SoFiUSD) on a public, permissionless blockchain.
Launched on Ethereum, SoFiUSD will first be used for faster, cheaper internal settlements for the fintech giant and its partners.
32/ @telcoin launched eUSD on Ethereum and Polygon, a regulated U.S. dollar stablecoin issued by Nebraska state-chartered digital asset depository institution Telcoin Digital Asset Bank.
The launch marks another milestone in U.S.-regulated banks issuing stablecoins directly on public blockchains, bringing traditional regulated banking to the Ethereum ecosystem.
33/ @Grayscale distributed the first ETH staking rewards to ETHE ETF shareholders.
In a first for US regulated products, investors received Ethereum’s native yield directly, proving that staked ETH ETFs can deliver the economic utility of the network.
34/ @MorganStanley filed for a Staked Ether ETF, doubling down on its crypto strategy.
One of the world’s largest wealth managers is moving beyond spot exposure to capture Ethereum’s native staking yield for clients, signaling a shift to productive participation.
35/ The ADI Foundation partnered with M-Pesa to bring 60M+ users onchain.
Africa’s largest mobile money platform is integrating blockchain rails to power instant cross-border payments and stablecoin transactions, merging massive fintech scale with Ethereum’s global settlement layer.
—
Ethereum is the trusted, global settlement layer for real-world adoption, used by institutions, governments, and enterprises worldwide.
Learn more about building on the institutional liquidity layer: https://t.co/jUshBvAXKa
Agree or not, Carney is smart to try and make the best out of a bad situation. Expect more leaders to express these views without tiptoeing around the elephant in the room - the inconsistencies in applying the "rules-based order" in practice.
For anyone who would like to hear Mark Carney’s outstanding Davos speech in full here it is. This is what true global leadership looks like.
Canada should be immensely proud today, because they are leading the fight back when others dare not.
🎥 TikTok - https://t.co/BExGV2YIDq
@VitalikButerin Vitalik, thank you for using your personal platform to help keep these ideas alive as there are powerful structural forces driving the industry in a different direction. Outcomes were always going to be mixed but these types of posts can definitely affect how the tech evolves.
@DougieDeLuca https://t.co/rS6DYjQmjP
Associated RaaS: https://t.co/e7OlU19HJj
Announcing ZKsync Managed Services from Matter Labs.
Dedicated, production‑grade ZK Stack chains, plus RPC, block explorer, indexers, and event delivery.
Operated 24/7 by the team behind the protocol.
Blog: https://t.co/FUEUthxfSH
Website: https://t.co/gj6FeWL1fJ
Great thread on Prividiums - best of both worlds for institutions that want access to Ethereum's security, liquidity, and ecosystem without undermining their high privacy, customizability, and compliance requirements.
Institutions want to build on Ethereum and leverage its incorruptibility, hard finality, and global liquidity.
But many financial use-cases can’t be run on a chain where everything is public by default.
Here’s how Prividium extends Ethereum for enterprises:
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