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Data centers are driving a massive increase in electricity demand, and this demand is already making electricity more expensive.

In the short run, the impact could be severe - wholesale prices may rise as much as 50%.

[Bryan Johnson @bryan_johnson]

I swallowed a miniature computer
drew my blood six times
sat in a 200°F dry sauna for 56 min
felt like I was going to die from the heat
and paid $21,093 for specialty biomarkers…

To ask a question: do sauna benefits depend on time, or body temperature?

This experiment has never been done before.

Results:

1) Sauna benefits depend on how hot your body gets, not how long you sit in the sauna

2) Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), one of the molecules that drives sauna's longevity benefits, only switched on when my core body temperature held above 102.2°F (39°C) for about 15 minutes.

3) Reaching that took 56 minutes at 200°F (93°C), with ice on my face, neck, and groin.

4) This challenges the generic advice that 20 minutes of sauna is enough.

What this means for you:

1) The standard advice of 20 minutes at 176°F (80°C) is a floor, not a ceiling. The bigger benefits sit further up the curve, in longer and hotter sessions. If you can tolerate more, more likely helps.

2) Skip the cold plunge right after the sauna. My core body temperature kept climbing for several minutes after I left the sauna, so much of my time above the activation threshold happened post-exit. Cold plunging cuts that window short.

3) Population level studies point in a direction but cannot tell you what is happening inside your own body. Continuous core temperature tracking can.

Here is the experiment explained

A brief background first. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are believed to be the enablers of sauna based longevity benefits. You can think of them as a clean up crew that travels through your body removing misfolded proteins and cellular debris. When you get really hot, like in a sauna, you generate a lot more of them. A tsunami of clean up crews unleashed inside your body.

There are many types of HSPs. We focused on HSP27 in this experiment because of its high value longevity benefits:

1. Calms harmful inflammation through a controlled signaling pulse, driven by IL-10

2. Protects arteries by blocking the damaged cholesterol that builds up into plaque

3. Helps the body grow new blood vessels over time

4. HSP27 is one of the first proteins your body makes when it gets hot, which makes it a clean signal of how hard the sauna session actually worked.

We saw initial signs of biomarkers of these benefits also turned on alongside HSP27, with enough time above the activation threshold.

I ran three sauna sessions, holding sauna temperature, my meticulous morning routine, and every other variable constant. We measured HSP27 activation and release (along with scores of other biomarkers) in my serum after each session. I swallowed a temperature capsule about the size of a vitamin pill. As it traveled through my body, it sent a reading of my core body temperature every 30 seconds. That continuous, real time data from inside the body is what no prior study has had.

The 102.2°F (39°C) core temperature threshold for HSP activation has been established in the research literature for years. Dry-sauna users have never been able to act on it because they had no way to track their core temperature during a session. An end-point thermometer cannot tell you how long you held above threshold, and the duration is the dose. Which is why we chose to use real time tracking.

The findings across the three sessions.

Two of the three sessions pushed me well past the threshold. In one, I spent 14.7 minutes above 102.2°F (39°C), with a peak of 102.87°F (39.37°C). In the other, I spent 15.8 minutes above the threshold, with a peak of 102.81°F (39.34°C). After both, HSP27 in my blood rose sharply.

The third session (the middle one in the figure) was different. I only spent 5.1 minutes above 102.2°F (39°C), with a peak of 102.34°F (39.08°C), barely above the threshold. HSP27 did not respond. The reading actually dipped slightly, but the change was too small to count.

Two things separate the responder sessions from the non-responder. The first is time above the threshold: 14.7 and 15.8 minutes versus 5.1 minutes. The second is peak core temperature: 102.87°F (39.37°C) and 102.81°F (39.34°C) versus 102.34°F (39.08°C). Either, or more likely both, are driving the response. Future sessions will help us figure out how much each one matters.

Within my body, holding all other variables constant, the central heat shock protein response is a direct function of the heat dose delivered to the body's core.

No prior study has done this. Earlier sauna research used a single thermometer reading at the end of the session, not continuous tracking. The studies that used continuous tracking used exercise, not dry sauna. None had a matched negative control like my session three. And all reported only cohort averages, not what happened inside one body.

What this means for the body

Once HSP27 is released into circulation, it signals to cells throughout the body and drives the four mechanistically proven downstream benefits listed above. All four are supported by my long-term sauna data, the population literature, and mechanistic studies. My acute post-session measurements hint at each being engaged.

To activate HSP27 in my body, I needed 56 minutes at 200°F (93°C) in a dry sauna. That is the total session length required to spend enough time above the 102.2°F (39°C) core temperature threshold to trigger HSP27 release.

Does this mean longer sessions, long enough for your core to hit 102.2°F (39°C), would supercharge the longevity benefits? Maybe.

What we do know, I did 232 dry sauna sessions over the past year. My protocol was 200F (93°C) for 20 min. So even though my core body temperature didn’t reach 102.2°F (39°C) to unleash the HSP27, the results were still compelling:

+ a 10 year vascular age reduction
+ massive drop in environmental toxins [1]
+ complete elimination of microplastics in my semen (first ever in human achievement)

The data suggests there are health benefits at 200°F (93°C) for 20 min.

The data also shows that additional health benefits unlock when your core body temperature reaches 102.2°F (39°C).

Does this mean that if one is in the sauna longer, long enough to reach a core body temperature of 102.2°F (39°C). that the longevity benefits would be supercharged? Maybe.

Here is what this experiment teaches:
+ population level data is great for averages, pointing in a general direction
+ the resulting protocols are crude
+ not personalized
+ the only way to find out the truth for you is to measure
+ single person experiments (n=1) like this one are useful, because they find blind spots that population averages cannot see.

Note: I kept ice on my face and neck during these three experimental sessions to protect those sensitive areas from heat induced skin damage at extreme temperatures. In a previous session, not included in this experiment, I had no ice on my face or neck and used an ingestible temperature capsule for real-time core readings. I reached a core body temperature of 102.2°F (39°C) after 34 minutes at 200°F (93°C).

Adding ice to the face and neck adds roughly 20 minutes to the total time required to reach 102.2°F (39°C) core body temperature. Subjectively, the 34 minutes without ice on my face and neck was much harder than the 56 minutes with ice on my face and neck. After the 34 minute session, I exited the sauna and just laid on the concrete, immobilized. But I got the data.

[1] Toxin reduction:

After 15 sessions, sauna dramatically reduced environmental toxins in my body:
65% drop in 2,4-D
100% drop in MEP
15% drop in MBP
100% drop in MEHP (undetectable post sauna)
56% drop in NAPR
56% drop in HEMA
100% drop in Perchlorate (undetectable post sauna)

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@pmarca 👀

https://t.co/3ag5FtzJRn

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Latest article: https://t.co/M369SN0mUY

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Is AI Accelerating Inequality?

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TL;DR: Generative AI compresses productivity gaps at the individual task level by helping less-experienced workers far more than veterans. However, at the macro level it is currently widening wealth inequality by favoring capital owners and high-skilled workers. The long-term net effect remains uncertain and will depend heavily on whether AI augments or replaces labor, how broadly the technology diffuses, and how quickly societies adapt

[The Record @TheRecordApp]

@chamath what is your view on how this should be framed?

It appears true that data centers ARE making electricity more expensive, and that this trend is likely to continue (we have explored this here: https://t.co/YQU2UGD6jY)

However, what this perspective seems to omit is the overall economic impact of AI (GDP growth, tax revenue) and how this nets out with the increasing cost of electricity for consumers. How would you frame it?

[The Record @TheRecordApp]

@BloombergTV Evidence for tariff impact on power prices?

https://t.co/gXEzCkLJNs

[The Record @TheRecordApp]

Do you think that, despite AI data centers driving up electricity prices for consumers, the impact on GDP per capita and redistributed tax revenue is likely to outweigh the additional cost of electricity?

Read the full article here, and weigh in with your opinion: https://t.co/YQU2UGD6jY

[The Record @TheRecordApp]

Data centers are driving a massive increase in electricity demand, and this demand is already making electricity more expensive.

In the short run, the impact could be severe - wholesale prices may rise as much as 50%.

[The Record @TheRecordApp]

Tech companies are buying enormous amounts of clean energy, but that does not solve the price problem for consumers, and this enormous demand is unlikely to slow down because AI has become a national strategic priority.

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@PGDynes Thought the article on Substack associated with this graph was really good as well. Recommend giving it a read: https://t.co/8TbCeajarw

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This week on The Record: https://t.co/Z2J90fYOED

[The Record @TheRecordApp]

Current warming sits at about 1.4°C, and widespread mass coral bleaching and mortality have been underway since 2023-2025, which affected more than 80–84% of reefs globally.

The Amazon rainforest is nearing a tipping point. The combined pressures of deforestation and climate change (drier dry seasons, longer droughts, more fires) are pushing parts of the Amazon basin toward a potential shift to savanna-like conditions. Experts indicate the effective tipping threshold may now be as low as 1.5-2.5°C of warming, with risks escalating if deforestation continues.

[The Record @TheRecordApp]

- Paul Conyngham used ChatGPT, AlphaFold, and Grok to design a personalized mRNA cancer vaccine for his dog, Rosie
- The custom mRNA vaccine was synthesized and administered by academic researchers at Australian universities, not by Conyngham himself
- Rosie the dog was co-administered a checkpoint inhibitor alongside the experimental mRNA vaccine, and checkpoint inhibitors are independently proven to shrink tumors in both human and veterinary oncology
- The viral spread of Rosie's story represents survivorship bias — successful anecdotal outcomes attract media attention while failed attempts at similar AI-assisted treatments go unreported

Full breakdown of the story: https://t.co/1xdNCUUOoQ

[The Record @TheRecordApp]

Did AI cure a dogs cancer?

Australian tech entrepreneur Paul Conyngham used ChatGPT, AlphaFold, and Grok to design a personalized mRNA cancer vaccine for his dog Rosie, which university researchers then built and administered alongside a proven checkpoint inhibitor. Her largest tumor shrank by 75%, though we can't say whether it was the vaccine or the immunotherapy that did it.

[The Record @TheRecordApp]

We’ve been rebuilding journalism from first principles. Here’s how it works: instead of starting with an opinion and finding facts to support it, we start with individual claims, score them for truthfulness with a council of AI models, open them up to community corrections, and then assemble narratives from the claims that survive scrutiny. The narratives seek to answer a central question about trending topics on the internet. The output is a cleaner, more objective stack for journalism: claim extraction, truth scoring, evidence review, and narrative construction built on top.

Each week, we use this system to publish an article addressing a trending topic on the internet. We're going to be scaling this up to cover more topics, and to give users more comprehensive of what's going on in the world. Follow a long and share your feedback!

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@chamath @karpathy 👋

https://t.co/N1TOBpUExu

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Full article: https://t.co/ykm7A5ynnF

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Assessment of the reinstatement and expansion of the Section 232 tariffs by President Trump to-date 🧵

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TL;DR: Trump’s Section 232 tariffs raised U.S. steel and aluminum prices and modestly boosted domestic production and investment. But the protection came with much higher costs for manufacturers and consumers, shifting billions through supply chains while delivering limited broader economic gains, little impact on the trade deficit, and mixed national security benefit.